Akuzona zonke izinto ezidingekayo futhi eziwusizo emhlabeni ezasungulwa noma ezisungulwe ngokuqondile. Ezinye izandla zezandla zabantu ezizuza, injabulo, ukwenza ngcono noma ukwenza lula impilo yethu nawe, kwakungezona ukuphela komsebenzi womsebenzi wososayensi futhi kwavela ngengozi. Ngikwethula ukusungulwa okungu-10.
Ice lolly
I-Inventor: UFrank Epperson
Eqinisweni, i-Epperson eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala ayizange ikhiqize kuphela inguquko engajwayelekile embonini yokudla yasemgwaqweni, kodwa futhi yaba ngumbhali weresiphi yokuqala yeqhwa lezithelo zomhlaba. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, kusihlwa, umfana wasikhohlwa engilazini yengilazi nge-soda (kwakusebusika), futhi i-wand yahlala engilazini, okuyimpuphu yesoda evuselelwa emanzini. Eminyakeni engu-18 kamuva, ngo-1923, osemusha e-Emplerson wasebenzisa ukuthola kwakhe ebhizinisini futhi wavula ukuhweba nge-lemonade eqandisiwe. Ngomunye unyaka kamuva, umsunguli wabacebile 'nge-eppyclach "yakhe (njengoba babebizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi kangangokuba wenza kabusha, bathola ukusungulwa kwaso futhi bavule i-" Popciss Corporation ". Ngemuva kokuthengiswa kwelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1928, i-Epperson yathola ukuncishiswa kusuka "ku-popcent" ngayinye ethengiswa e-United States; Ngo-1983, lapho uhlobo lomkhiqizo luthenga ukudla olukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni oluphethe "i-Unilever", intengo yalo yaba yizigidi ezingama- $ 155.
Glue super
I-Inventor: Harry Kutouver
Ngesikhathi soMhlaba Wesibili WaseMelika, uKutuver, obhekise iqembu labacwaningi enkampanini "e-Eastman Kodak", wabandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhali ze-Ultra-Earth Pheels esebenzisa i-cyanacrylic acid esebenzisa i-cyanacrylic acid. Kepha ngesikhathi Enye yezivivinyo, iqembu lonke ngokoqobo "HP Up" entweni, ngomphumela we-superclaim. Ngo-1958, i-glue yakhululwa inqwaba; Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, uKuver wabamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhiqizweni kwezinye izinhlobo ezingama-320 ze-glue, incl. glue for amanxeba okuqinisa kanye nokufakwa komugqa wokuhlinza; Futhi ngesikhathi sokufa kososayensi ngo-2011, wayengenaye amalungelo obunikazi angama-460.
Udayi we-Moven
Umsunguli: UWilliam Henry Perkin
Omunye ongamakhemikhali "ongaphumelelanga" kulokhu kusukela e-UK - Iminyaka eminingana ephikeke ukuthola ... Umuthi ovela kuMalariya. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngonyaka we-1856, inhlolovo ye-Perkin yaholela ekusungulweni udayi wokuqala wokwenziwa emhlabeni, nePhercin, ungabi yisiwula, ngokushesha wakuthola ubunikazi bokuqalisa kwabo. Ngokushesha wavula ifektri eduzane naseLondon, futhi udayi onsomi onsomi we-1862 wathola ukuthandwa okunjalo ukuthi iNdlovukazi yaseVictoria yakhanyisa ngezingubo ezidwetshwe yi-Moven. Futhi, yize iqiniso lokuthi injabulo edayi ngokushesha yangena ku-Cha, kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-10 kuPreki ikwazile ukuthola izigidi, kuma-60s athengise leli Fakisi futhi azinikela ngokucwaninga.
Teflon
I-Inventor: Roy Plankett
Okunye ukutholwa okwenziwe ngenxa yokukhohlwa kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi ebusuku. I-American Roy Plankett yahlolwa nge-Gase Properties ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezipholile. Ngethuba, kushiye enye yamasampula emgwaqweni, ekuseni, ipulangwe lathola ukuthi leyo nto yaqina yaphenduka yaphenduka ukufana kwe-wax. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngonyaka we-1945, inkampani lapho i-Plankett yasebenza khona, i-teflon enelungelo lobunikazi futhi yaqala ukuyisebenzisa ekukhiqizweni kwamakhulu ezinhlobo zemikhiqizo (ezitsheni zensimbi kuya ku-Cable Insulation). Kuze kube manje, ukusungulwa kwaletha umbhali wayo kanye nezigidigidi zomkhiqizi wamadola; Okubili, ngendlela, kuthatha indawo yesi-3 ekwalweni komhlaba wezikhundla ze-CHEMGENT.
I-bakelit epulasitiki
I-Inventor: Leo Hendrik Baklakan
I-Polymer Bakelite isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwemishini yasendlini, ama-elekthronikhi nezitsha. Akuncibiliki, kungashisi ukushisa, ukumelana nokushisa, ingcindezi, ukufuya kanye nomthelela, kuwumthamo omuhle, kucutshungulwa kalula futhi kugcina amazinga okushisa avumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-bakelit cishe kuyo yonke indawo - zombili ku Ubunjiniyela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali nobunjiniyela bogesi obuyinjini (izingcingo, izinsimbi, amasosi, ukushintshwa, amamitha kagesi) kanye ne-Checkes, chess, izikhumbuzo, njll.).
Kodwa-ke, kwasekuqaleni iBelgian Baklalan ibifuna into ehluke ngokuphelele - esikhundleni se-Shellac yemvelo ye-Shellac yemvelo, eyayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-varnish nopende. I-Shellac ibuye ihambisa kahle umthelela wangaphandle womzimba, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ishisa ngokuphelele. Njengoba usuthole iBakelit, umsunguli waseBelgium wabulala ngokushesha ama-harenes amabili ngasikhathi sinye - wakuthola lokho ayekufuna, futhi ngasikhathi sinye i-polymer ebaluleke kakhulu kanye neplastiki yokuqala yezwe. Ngo-1910, uBakelan wabhala ubunikazi bokutholwa, wadala inkampani "iBaktelit Corporation" futhi wangezela amashumi ambalwa ezigidi zamaRandi kuye kwalowo muntu.
UPetrolatum
I-Inventor: Robert Chizbro
Ngomhlaka 1859, kwafika uChenbro oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala ePennsylvania ukuzama isandla sakhe embonini yamafutha. Ngosuku olulodwa oluhle ngawo wonke umuzwa, wathola into enamathelayo ezansi kwesigaxa samafutha, okuthiwa yipharafini noma "ama-wax plugs" futhi asetshenziselwa ukuncishiswa kokuncipha nokushiswa. I-cheesebro ebabazekayo yathatha isampula naye, yafunda into futhi yakhipha izakhi ezikhona kuyo. Ngo-1872, walibala i-valesine ne-ehlelekile, maphakathi nawo-1870s avule amahhovisi eLondon, eParis naseBarcelona, kwathi ngo-1911, izitshalo ze-chizbro sezivele ziseningizimu laseYurophu nase-Afrika. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1987, inkampani yathola "yonke" i-Unilever "efanayo, yaletha imali engenayo engaphezu kuka- $ 75 million.
Isimo sepistine
Umsunguli: UJoseph McVicker
Ngaphambi kokuba ngomunye wokuzijabulisa kwakhe kwezingane, ipulasitiki yayisetshenziselwa iminyaka engama-22 njenge ... Ukuhlanza imishini yephephadonga. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1954, umalokazana kaJoe McViker - umsebenzi womenzi wepulasitiki - wathatha ucezu lwento eya enkulisa, lapho asebenza khona njengothisha ukukhombisa izingane. IPlastice yabangela injabulo enjalo ezinganeni, okuthi, ngemuva kwendaba yoMalokazana, uMcvicker washeshe wabona inani lakhe lezentengiselwano langempela futhi wafaka umbono wobuholi bakhe. Ukuvulwa Emhlanganweni Wokufundiswa Kwenkampani, Amakhemikhali angeze ama-Dyes ahlukahlukene kanye ne-almond flavour epulasitiki, anikeze inani lama- $ 1.5 ngebhange ngalinye (ngesikhathi esifanayo eqhubeka nokuhweba " kusuka kumadola ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kuya kwezingu-3 ngezigidi ezintathu ngo-1960 wahlukanisa nenkampani enkulu futhi waba ngumnikazi wefektri yakhe; I-B19964-M Macvicer ithengise ukukhiqizwa kanye nelungelo lobunikazi ngama- $ 18 wezigidi.
Izitika "zithunyelwe"
Umsunguli: U-Arthur Fry
Ukuqonda kwaphezulu kwehlela kuFry ngeSonto ekuseni ngo-1973, lapho ecula ekwayeni yesonto. Ukuhlelwa kombhali wengoma Fray kuhlale kuphume, ngakho-ke umculi ongathandeki udutshulwe phansi emagameni futhi waphoqeleka ukuthi asheshe afune ikhasi elifanele. Futhi-ke wakhumbula umhlangano wesiliva we-Inventor-Pensioner Spencer, lapho avakashele khona ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule: Isiliva satshelwa ukuthi uthole into ebabazekayo, kepha aze azi ukuthi uzomthola kuphi ukuhweba. Fry etholakele. Kuliqiniso, inqubo yokwakhiwa, ukuthengisa okumaketha kanye nokuqalisa ukukhiqizwa kwathatha cishe iminyaka eyi-8, kepha umphumela nakanjani kufanelekile. Kuze kube manje, kuthengiswa amabhlokhi acishe abe yizigidi eziyisithupha ngonyaka; Inkampani kamenzi ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezihlukene ezingama-400 zezitika namabhukwana futhi uzithengise emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Microwave
I-Inventor: Percy Spencer
Ukuzama ukuthola idivaysi yokutholwa kwendiza yesitha, i-American Ejecreer Percy Spencer incibilike ngephutha ibha chocolate ephaketheni lakhe. Usosayensi wabona ngokushesha ukuthi imisebe ye-microwave imakwe, futhi yaqhubeka nokuphenya izakhiwo zayo kokunye ukudla. Ekuhambeni kombukiso wokuvula kwabo, iziphazamiso ziqhume amaqanda amahlandla amaningi, zilungiselele impande ye-pop futhi zifudumeza izinja ezishisayo, futhi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940 zathola ukukhiqizwa kwabantu microwave. Ngonyaka owedlule, i-raten invernover ngusonkontileka omkhulu kakhulu woMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US kanye nomkhiqizi wokuqala we-microwave - babe ngama- $ 25 billion; UPerseie Spencer uthatha isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli omkhulu wePhini likaMengameli kanye noSihlalo weBhodi Yabaqondisi.
Lipucca Clap
I-Inventor: George de Mustern
Ngo-1941, ngemuva kokugijimisa ukugijima edolobhaneni laseSwitzerland, usosayensi uGeorge de Mesadral ubude futhi wahlaba ngenkuthalo imidwebo yekhakhasi kusuka emabhulukweni ezemidlalo. Unentshisekelo ku- "Pontaling" yalesi sitshalo, uDe meshral wafunda izimbali ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu futhi wathola ukuthi amandla abo okulandela izicubu ezahlukahlukene anikezwa amakhulu ezingwenya, asakazeke ngaphezulu kobuso. Ukulondolozwa kwezinkambu eziningana zesayensi, uDe Mestern waqala ukuthuthukisa impahla entsha ye-fastener, kwathi eminyakeni eyishumi i-velcro yokuqala yavela. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole ukuthandwa kwabathengi lapho kusungulwa, iSwitzerland isivele idinga cishe iminyaka engama-20: ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s, iVelcro yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamasudi ama-NASA Advsonauts, kanye nokuthengisa okuqukethwe kwaqala ukukhulisa ijubane eliphakeme. Ngokusho konkosikazi we-de de mistral sekwephuzile, iminyaka engama-30 edlule ayiphilayo futhi wayondla umndeni kuphela ekunciphisweni kwelungelo lobunikazi kusuka ekusungulweni kwakhe.
Umthombo