Ngokutsho kwe-anthropologists, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ebalaselisa abantu baseHomo Sapiens (umntu okrelekrele) kwi-priment ye-priment ye-primeds eveliswe kakuhle. Umntu ongengomgangatho ujonga izinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nokukwazi ukuphumelisa lo mbono ukuze uphumeze njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkxaso yolunye uhlobo: Indoda ye-homo sapiens yendoda ye-SOPIMON.
Ewe, kunjalo, ihlaya, kodwa amandla angenasiko ngokuqinisekileyo uyakuvumela ukuba usebenze izinto ezinomdla. Kwindawo yethu kukho umjikelo wonke wamanqaku anikezelwe kwifanitshala engaqhelekanga, ekulula ukwenza ngezandla zakho. Umzekelo, ukusuka kwilitye, ikhonkrithi kunye neJam. Okanye izinto zangaphakathi zokukhetha ukwenziwa kwemveliso apho kukho iibhotile zeplastiki okanye iibhokisi zokupakisha. Abalandeli bezobugcisa ezingaqhelekanga ziya kongeza enye impahla kwiBhanki ye-piggy, ayibandakanyiswanga kwiseti yemveli yefanitshala.
Ikhadibhodi njengomthombo wobuchule
Ngaba sele ungumnini wegumbi okanye indlu yelizwe elitsha, yonke into oyigcinileyo waya ekwakheni kwaye ilungisiwe, kwaye ekuthengeni kwemali entsha imali engasashiywanga? Musa ukudimazeka, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu - musa ukulahla iibhokisi zekhadibhodi apho wathutha iimpahla zakho ezizezindlu ezintsha.
Akunyanzelekanga ukuba uthenge iikhabhathi kunye neetafile ezisebhedini-ukupakisha ikhadibhodi kunye nephepha kunokuba yinto ebalaseleyo yokwenziwa kwayo. Kwaye kutheni le nto igciniweyo ingenisa ukuba kutheni ungavumeli iqela ngowuphi na isitya? Kulungile, okanye uchithe ezinye, akukho ndlela imnandi.
Ngaba awukholwanga kwikhadibhodi okanye uqwalasele ifanitshala evela kwiibhokisi zezixhobo ezinqabileyo? Ndicebisa ukuba ndiqwalasele lento kuyo yonke into eqhelekileyo nengazifayo njengendawo yokupakisha okanye yokubhala.
Ifanitshala yePhepha: Ukuhamba kwePigner yanamhlanje kunye nembali
Abaqulunqi bezinto zangaphakathi namhlanje banomdla osondele kwiphepha kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngakumbi kumaza enomdla kwi-ecology yendawo yokuhlala yomntu kunye nokurisayikilisha (ukubuyiswa kwenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma yekhaya kwimveliso yemveliso). Nangona kunjalo, le yindlela entsha, njengabanye abaninzi - indala kakuhle.
Iphepha, ngaphandle kokuthamba, kudala kusetyenziswe kungekuphela nje ekwenzeni iincwadi kunye nezinto zokubhala. Abembi bezinto zakudala badibana nezixhobo zomkhosi ezenziwe ngamaphepha (namhlanje ebizwa ngokuba yiPapier-Masha) yomhla wama-2000 BC. Njengoko kufanele kulindeleke, la maphepha eeyunifomu yasemkhosini afunyanwa e-China - kwikhaya lephepha. Ukongeza kwizinqwazi kunye ne-lat, amaTshayina asebenzise i-papier-mache kunye nokwenziwa kwefanitshala.
Kwinkulungwane ye-Xvisi, le teknoloji ixhaphakile eYurophu, apho kwafumana igama eliqhelekileyo. Mass of kwimicu neselulosi exutywe ineempahla enamathelayo (umzekelo, kunye starch) zisetyenziswa yaye isetyenziswe kule mini ukuba ukwenziwa imihombiso yeqonga kunye nesinxibo, izinto kunye nezinto zala mazwe (caskets, imifanekiso, iindawo sistucco, zitsha zokuhomba, wezibane). Kubandakanya ifanitshala.
Ixesha elingaphezulu, inkqubo yemveliso yemveliso evela ePapier-Maha yayinzima kakhulu. UTheodore Jennes waqala ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo kuxinzelelo lwe-theodore uqala ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo, kwaye iHenry Geent ifumene uyilo lwezinto ezenziweyo kwiziko, ngenxa yoko, iimveliso ezifunyenwe kumhlaba wokufuma.
I-theodore Jennes kunye noJohn Beridge i-Jennens kunye neBetTridge, ithenge iworkshop kunye nepatent henry glue. Amaqabane avelise ifanitshala kunye nezinye iidipozithi zokuhombisa kwi-Masha, eyakonwabela ibango elikhulu - iivenkile zenkampani zaziseLondon naseNew York.
Ifanitshala Jennens kunye ne-BETTRIDE ihlulelwe ngolwazi oluphakathi, kuba ukusuka kwi-Mass yephepha unokwenza nayiphi na imilo entsokothileyo. Ihonjiswe ngepeyinti yegolide ecekeceke, i-inraid evela kumama wePearl kwaye yagutyungelwa ngamalahle amaninzi angama-lacquer njengefenitshala yamalahle eTshayina.
ERussia, ukusuka esiphelweni seXvii yinkulungwane yenkulungwane, kukho nesiko lokuvelisa iimveliso ukusuka kwi-papier-mache. Mhlawumbi, wonke umntu uyazi iibhokisi, i-tobacker, i-petroks, ehonjiswe nge-lacquer encinci yokupeyinta iinkosi zasePhane, Fedkino, Holly.
Umyili wale mihla usebenza ukusuka ePapier Masha nakashiyi ukungabi namdla. Umzekelo, uthotho lwezibane ze-bionic ze-bioonic ukusuka kwisitudiyo esibonakalayo.
Ifanitshala yephepha ilula
Ukuba uphefumlelwe ngumzekelo wembali kunye noyilo lwemveliso yezinto zangaphakathi, lixesha lokuqhelana netekhnoloji. Akukho nto inzima kuyo - uyakuqiniseka ngayo, ujonge ividiyo elandelayo.Izikhombisi ezintathu eziphambili zokwenza izinto zangaphakathi zephepha zinokwahlula-hlula.
1. Papier-Massha
Ngamaphepha-masha, uninzi lwezifundo zabasebenzi kwiSikolo samabanga aphantsi. Igama leTekhnoloji (i-French Papier Mâché) iguqulelwe njengePhepha "iphepha elinzima". Nawuphi na umgquba wephepha ufanelekile njengento engafunekiyo - kumaphephandaba amadala kwiiphakheji zekhadibhodi kumaqanda (eyokwenziwe endleleni, esebenzisa itekhnoloji yePapier-Masha).
Zimbini iintlobo ze-papier-mache: indawo yelitye kunye nephepha. Ukusuka kwisininzi sephepha Ungayibeka, yenza imirhubhe, izinto, ezalisa iifom ezahlukeneyo. Iplasitiki kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesixhobo kukuvumela ukuba unike imveliso naluphi na uhlobo.
Unokwenza into yonke kuphela kwi-Masting. Ukuba uceba ukwenza ifanitshala lonke iphepha, ungalibali ngesakhelo: kunjalo, izinto ezixineneyo, ezixutywe neglue, izinto ezomeleleyo, kodwa ngenxa yokutsalwa kwesithuba esingalunganga. Kwindlela yesibini (ungqimba-ngo-therter uswele amaphepha amancinci) oqhele ukusetyenziswa ukwenza iifom ezinamava.
Iimveliso ezenziwe ngobunzima bephepha ziqwalaselwa ngokulula - ifuthele, zidikwe, zisikiwe. Izinto ezivela kwi-papier-mache zinokupeyinta, ziphantsi kokwaluphala, sebenzisa ubuncwane kunye nokudakumba. I-Multilayer Pay Dimisary iya kwenza ifanitshala yephepha lokufuma kunye nokunganyangeki kwimithwalo yoomatshini.
2. I-Cardiyboard Plates
Ngokwamaxesha ngokubanzi, obu buchule bunokuqondwa kwele roller engasentla. Ukusuka kumaphepha ekhadibhodi, "iBhodi" yobukhulu obufunekayo ziqeshwa - iileyile zitshintshelwa komnye nomnye, ngokwenziwa kwePlywood.
Njenge-papier-masha, ikhadibhodi ye-Winderboard ikuvumela ukuba wenze ifanitshala yeefom zentonga yobuqhetseba, kwangaxeshanye osele womelele ngokwaneleyo. Ifenitshala enjalo ikwaqhutywa ngokulula kwaye ihonjiswe ngokulula, kodwa ezinye zithanda ikhadibhodi kwi-inki yayo yendalo, ukubona ubuhle bezinto ezibonakalayo kwi-brown neqhinga.
3. I-Cardiy Oriciami
Ukuba kwiindlela ezimbini zokuhlambela - icandelo elinyanzelekileyo, emva koko akukho nto isetyenziswayo. Ngendlela ethile, amaphepha ekhadibhodi asongelweyo afumana inkangala eyaneleyo ukuze abe sisitulo, i-sofa okanye itafile yeofisi.
Kwifenitshala esuka kwi-papier-mache okanye ikhibhodi ye-Glue ye-GLUCE, ungathatha inkunkuma yephepha. Ifenitshala ye-Oriced-Ifenitshala ifuna izinto ezintsha zoxinano oluthile kunye nokuchaneka kwemveliso. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, imveliso, okokuqala, kufuneka ichaswe imithwalo (ikhibhodi enqabileyo ayihambelani apha), kwaye okwesibini, umphezulu wayo luyimfihlo kwaye imifanekiso ayifihli.
I-Cardings Bushings kunye neTubs yephephandaba
Ukuchaza amaphepha njengento engu-subi yokwenziwa kwefanitshala ngezandla zakho, kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba kudlule kwi-bushing yekhadibhodi kwizinto eziqengqelekayo kunye neeTubs zephephandaba.
Ewe kunjalo, iisilinda kwiphepha lendlu yangasese zithambile kwaye zincinci, kodwa iziseko ezivela kwiirowu zephepha lodonga, i-linoleum okanye ikhaphethi zilungele iithagethi zefanitshala. Zinokufumaneka ngokuyinto yokuba uvumelana neVenkile yeVenkile yeNdawo. Ngendlela, i-bushings yesayizi eyahlukeneyo inokuthenga nje ngenani elingenamkhawulo.
Ukuluka kwiiTubs zamaphephandaba yinto ethandwayo ye-hobby. Ukususela izinto ogqibeleleyo (amaphephandaba ubudala), ungenza ifenitshala, leyo, emva ukupeyinta okanye enamathela, lo ngokwenene akayi bayeke yemveli, eziethe of rattan okanye intonga yav. Inkosi, ivelisa ubugcisa obahlukeneyo kwiityhubhu zephepha, nakwiwebhusayithi yethu. Ndiyathemba ukuba baya kuxela ngeentshukumo zolu msebenzi msebenzi kunye nokucheba iifoto.
Ndicinga ukuba ndikwazile ukubonisa izinto eziqhelekileyo kwikona engaqhelekanga. Vumelana, ifanitshala yePhepha ayiqhelekanga kwaye imnandi, kwaye isangaxelwanga kwaye ifikeleleke kakhulu.
