Muna 1950-1960, maguta mazhinji eAmerica akatanga kukura zvivakwa zvakakwirira. Yakanga isiri pamisoro yose, asi yakajaira nharaunda dzinogara dzichibva papuriki uye dzimba dzezvidhinha mumapango 9-16. Kusiyana neBhegi redu rekurara "riripo uye rakachengeteka uye zvichingodaro, muUS, dzakawanda dzedzimba idzi dzaivapo chete makore gumi nemaviri, mushure meizvozvo zvavari kuputswa noutsinye. Nei nyika yakakura yakatanga kuendesa mabhiriyoni emadhora mukuvakwa kwedzimba dzimba, asi munguva pfupi akaramba aripo, achivhara maziso ake arasikirwa, uye nei zvisingaiti kwatiri? Onliner.by vanotaura nezvehupenyu hwekuzvarwa, hupenyu hunorwadza uye nekukurumidza kufa kweAmerican "kurara Ghetto."
Kuzvarwa
Imwe yezvakanyanya kubudirira zveNikita Khrushchev mumutungamiri wake weSoviet mamiriro aive kutanga kwechisarudzo chakakosha cheUSSR. Mubvunzo wekuparara, waunoziva, sezvaunoziva iwe, wakaparadza vanhuwo zvavo vaigara pane wechitanhatu weSushi, mushure mekupera kweHondo yechipiri kwakanyatsomira zvakanyanya. Nzvimbo dzakazara nenzvimbo dzeSoviet Union dzaive mumatongo, asi pane kuronga kuwanda kwedzimba, iyo, kubva kune vakanaka vavariro) vainakidzwa nekuvakwa kwe "dzimba dzeproletariat", aestthetically kunze kwekunze , asi zvinodhura zvakanyanya kugadzirwa. Kwehafu yechipiri ya1950 kwemakore, makore gumi mushure mekupera kwehondo, makumi emamirioni evanhu vachiri kurira mumatare, maDuguuts, "maune" uye rustic Hutic. Khrushchev, atanga mushandirapamwe wake anokudzwa kuti abvise "zvakanyanyisa mukugadzira" .
Mumakore anenge mumwe iwo, nyika zhinji dzeEurope, kusanganisira iyo capitalist West, yakaenda nenzira yakafanana uye yakatungamirirwa nemifananidzo yakafanana. Pamhepo kunze kweLondon neParis, Barcelona neRome vakanga vakafanana munzvimbo dzakafanana kubva pakutanga-zvinhu zvisingaite zvivakwa zvakakwirira. United States, uyo aisatora kurwa, airatidzika kunge ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Hondo Yenyika II yakaunza budiriro yenyika, ichiita kuti ive superpower, uye chinhu chakakosha che "hope dzeAmerica" dzakava imba yayo mumugwagwa mafuro. Zvakangodaro, uko (uye kunyange pakutanga kupfuura muEurope uye neUSSR), nzvimbo dzekugara dzakatangira kuti dziratidze.
Muna 1949, US Congress yakatora mutemo mutsva wekudzidzisa, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvacho chakazivisa musimboti weimba yakanaka kwazvo munzvimbo yakanaka yeAmerica. " Uku kuumbwa kwakasarudzwa pasina tsaona. Panguva ino, kunze kwemaguta mazhinji enyika, kunyanya nzvimbo dzakakura dzekumaindasitiri muEast uye neCentral zvikamu, "zvakashongedzwa" slums chaiyo. Munguva yekukurumidza Urbanization yehafu yechipiri yeiyo XIX - iyo yekutanga hafu yezana ramakore reSimbi uye yemitambo yemitambo, uye pasina chirongwa chakakosha, nezvimwe zvidhinha, nekupedza kudzidza, yechipiri nyika isina tariro. Kurwira kune antishany slums, akafuridzirwa uye kuparwa kwemhosva, kwakava imwe yenyaya dzinokosha dzeFederal Dzimba.
Runyoro pane poster "slums michero". US HOUSING MANAGOROME
Kukura ma scums akatsamwisa kutama kweiyo akapfuma yepakati kirasi mumapepa emafuro. Pamwechete ne "White ndege" yeguta yakarasikirwa nemitero, iyo mutengo wezvivakwa muchikamu chechiitiko (downtontauna) akawa, uye zviremera zvemasangano zvacho zvainyanya kufarira kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo, sekunge zvakabva kumapeji e Mabhuku aCharles dickens. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa mumutemo 1949 yakagoverwa madhora mabhiriyoni ese ezvibodzwa izvi (anopfuura madhora gumi emabhiriyoni mune zvazvinoita), uye iyo Drum yakaputsika yakafamba. Zvakare, vagadziri vakakuzivisa zvakanakira, mumaonero avo, kutsiva - pfungwa dze le corbusier yakakweretwa kubva kuEurope.
Kunyangwe hondo yenyika yechipiri isati yasvika, mugadziri wechiFrench, akagadzira zvivakwa zvevanhu anokwenenzverwa, uye panzvimbo pake (chaicho munzvimbo yekuvakwa kwedzimba dzakakwira dzekugara dzakasununguka munzvimbo dzakasununguka nezvose zvinodikanwa Zvivakwa, "michina yekugara". Vavakidzani vakaumbwa nezvivakwa izvi vaifanira kupatsanurwa kubva kumaindasitiri endustral uye inogadzirwa nenzira yeindasitiri, iyo yakasimbisa kumhanya kwayo uye mutengo webasa. Muzvakaitika mune zvekutanga zve corbusier, matunhu akadaro anobvumidzwa kupa mamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano ekurarama zvakanyanya kupfuura izvozvo zvisati zvaitika, achigara panzvimbo yenzvimbo imwechete, nepo dzimba dzaida zvakachipa. Maonero akafanana aiva zano reKhschev dzimba dzeKhrushchev dzimba dzeKhrushchev dzimba dzeKhrushchev dzimba dzeKhruschen .
Ville Radiuse, "Radiant City" Corbusier 1935
Hupenyu
Muenzaniso wakasarudzika wekushandiswa kweiyi pfungwa muUnited States yakava nzvimbo yePruitt Ayugu mu St. Louis, Missouri. Kutanga, pakanga paine nzvimbo yakasarudzika yeDesto-Carar, iri padyo nepedyo nedhorobha. Kechipiri, Meya-Democrat Joseph Dorst aive nechido chekubvisa nzvimbo yakadaro. Chechitatu, mushure mekutorwa kwemutemo wedzimba 1949, nzira dzechibatanidzwa dzakaonekwa kuti dziite pfungwa iyi.
Mumakwikwi akarongeka emakwikwi, Minouro Yamasaki akakundwa kubva kuHolenmuth Bureau, Yamasaki uye Leinweber. Yamasaki, mumunda wenguva yemberi wemapatya akaparadzwa musi waSeptember 11, 2001 muNew York, akapa chirongwa chakafuridzirwa naCorbusier. 33 Dzimba gumi nembiri-dzekutengesa dzakaiswa pamakumi maviri nematatu emagetsi aimbova slums, mumauto makumi masere nenomwe makumi manomwe nenomwe idzo vanhu zviuru gumi vaifanira kurarama. Chinhu chakakosha chedunhu, chinonzi pruitt-aifi, chakave chisimbiso. Vagari vevatema vaifanira kugara muPruitte, uye muAagu - chena, kunyangwe hafu uye vakagadzira rimwe chete.
Slums Desto-Carr kuti Dyny
Project Diki Yamasha
Pakazosvika 1956, nzvimbo yekugara yakanga yakagadzirira, uye gore rakatevera, 9% chete yedzimba diki, asi dzakasununguka dzimba dzakaramba dzisingafambi. Zvaizoita sekuti kubudirira kunoshamisa, asi zvakazoitika pane zvakaipa.
Dare muna 1954, Dare Repamusoro-soro reUS rakapa chirevo chechiratidzo, rainzi Brown vachipesana nedare riri padzidzo. Maererano nesarudzo, DE-YARA SEGREGTation yakazivikanwa negumi nemana kugadzirisa kuUS Bumbiro. Kuunganidzwa kwePruitt uye AYIG mune imwe chete - Yakatosanganiswa neyarwo rusaruro nevazhinji vagari venzvimbo iyoyo yenzvimbo iyo yakatanga kubuda mazviri nekukurumidza sezvavaive nazvo mukana wakadaro. Mhuri dzakatema dzakagara panzvimbo dzadzo, uyezve, zvakanyanya uye varombo. Kugara muPruitt-Aigul kwaive munharaunda, asi iyo nyika inobhadhara chete kuvakwa kwavo. Zvinotenderera zvirimo zvinofanirwa kuitwa mukubhadharwa kwekubhadhara kwakarongeka kwevagari. Mwedzi wega wega pakati pevagari vemo vakaoma kunzwisisa vanhu vazhinji vanogara vachibatsirwa neruzhinji. Ivo vaisakwanisa kubhadhara rendi munguva yakakodzera, uye dzimba dzine nguva, kupemberera kwepfungwa dzemazuva ano sangano remazuva ano sangano renzvimbo dzekugara, vakatanga kuderera nekukurumidza.
Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa madhora makumi matatu nemashanu emamiriyoni kusvika munzvimbo iyi, uye ivo vakashandiswa, sezvazvakaitika, kupambadza. Iyo itsva pruitt-gen, kuve mumamiriro ekushaikwa kwemari pakuvapo kwake, akatanga kumhepo. Zvekushandisa zveveruzhinji zvakazonyarara kubvisa marara, iwo windows windows hapana munhu akatsiviwa, uye haana kuita kunge mazvimisikidzwa akavimbiswa nedunhu. Vagari vake vakabuda, vachangokwanisa chimwe chinhu chakakodzera, uye kubva kubhajeti iri renzvimbo dzakaoma rakarasika, iro, rakarererwa, rakarererwa zvakanyanya kuderera. Nzvimbo yacho yave tsotsi ghetto, paradhiso yevatengesi vezvinodhaka, asylum yemapoka. Kamwe kamwe zvakazoitika kuti zvivakwa zvemazuvano inzvimbo yakakwana yegororo uye umhondi. Mugadziri weYamasha Gitko akati: "Handina kumbofunga kuti vanhu vaizviparadza. Senge mugadziri, ndinofungidzira kuti ndaizombofunga kutora projekiti iyi. Ndinoda kuti basa iri zvachose rakaitwa zvachose. "
Rufu
Dambudziko reCommote uye tsotsi rakatungamira kuchinhu icho vazhinji vegumi nematoro emitoro gumi nematanhatu pakupera kwe1960s vakakandwa zvizere zvachose. Mumakore ekuma1970, mushure memakore 14 chete mushure mekupera kwekuvakwa kweiyo yakaoma, zviremera zveSAL Luis vakaziva kutadza kwekuedza uye kwakatanga kuburitsa nzvimbo iyi. Muna 1972-1974, zvivakwa zvese zvikamu makumi matatu nematatu vaive mumwe weimwe blown. Uchishandisa dynamite yemamirioni makumi matatu nemazana matatu emamiriyoni akatendeuka kuita murwi wemarara okuvaka marara. Architectural Concic Jenks akazivisa kuti: Iri izuva nezuva neawa, kana chivakwa chekutanga chePruitt aile chakapepuka.
Jenk, hongu, akafara zvimwe. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakafanana neSt. Louis zvamuona kwemakumi emakore, asi vanenge vese vakapedzisira vapedzisira vakafanana. Iyo inozivikanwa yeCabtino yeCabtino Green (3600 Apartments), uyo aionekwa seimwe yezvakanyanya kutambudzika akaomesesa akaomesesa eUnited States, akagurwa kubva muna 1995 kusvika 2013. Robert Taylor Pamba mune imwecheteyo Chicago (28-Storey pamatanho makumi mana nemasere) akaparadzwa na2007. Zvakare vakaita nekumwe kumwe kuronga kwemadhorobha ekuronga kwemaguta 1950 uye 1960s. Uye mune imwe yezviitiko izvi, zviitiko zvakatanga zvakaenzana. Iyo nyika yakavaka chivakwa chisina kusimba-chakakwira, umo zvinhu zvese zvisina kunaka zvakagadziriswa, izvo zvakavashandisa muedzo. Kumba kwakauya mukusagadzikana uye pakupedzisira vakaputswa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzimba nyowani, dzakaderera-dzimba dzakavakirwa munzvimbo yavo, mune imwe - mapuratifomu akasara asina chinhu. Pachine miti pane iyo nzvimbo yeiyo isina-fired pruitt-Ayou yeYamasaka Architect.
Ramangwana rakasiyana rakamirira nzvimbo dzakafanana dzeNew York. Ikoko, muna 1940-1970, anenge mazana matatu emazana emakara ekugara ezviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavakirwa, uye zvave pedyo zvese zviripo kusvika zvino. Iyo ichiri kunyanya dzimba dzemagariro uye munzira dzakawanda dzinoenderana nekunyorerana kwavo, asi ivo vakapukunyuka pazvikonzero zvitsva zvakananga.
Chekutanga, Megaloli iyi zvakanyanya kukunda, uye guta racho haringove nenzvimbo yekugadzirisa mazana ezviuru zvevagari vezvivakwa zvakakwirira. Kechipiri, mitengo yerudzi rwezvivakwa pane zvakadai zvekuti chero kuputsa kuchaita hofisi yemunyu mune yakajeka huwandu. Chekupedzisira, chechitatu, hurumende yehurumende inoramba kudzikisira kunyange kuwanda kwedzimba dzakadaro. Semhedzisiro, chimiro cheQuo muNew York chinochengetedzwa uye nhasi. Iri ndiro chete guta reAmerica raunogona kuwana huru "microdistled" chivakwa, ngachive chisina kusiyana neyedu.
Ndezvipi zvikonzero izvo zvechiitiko chisina kubudirira mukushandisa mazano eCorbusier muUSA? Nzvimbo dzakawanda-dzeshuwa muAmerican dzakavakwa panzvimbo yeiyo slums, uye kwete kanokwana kakawanda chikamu. Mupareni yavo isingadhuri, vagari vemo vakagadziriswa zvakare, uye vakaverengwa chete. Panguva imwecheteyo, panzvimbo penzvimbo yekubatwa kwehurombo, dunhu razvino rakawanikwa yakaomeswa Urombo hwakakurumidza kusvika pakuderera. Kubviswa kwekusaririra kwakaitika mumakore mumwe chete, maAmerican mazhinji akaonekwa zvinorwadza. Ichena ichiri kushuvira kurarama neyakachena, semhedzisiro iyo nzanga dzakaumbwa mune idzi dzimba dzevanouya, dzakabatanidzwa chete nemazinga akaderera emari uye yeganda. Mhedzisiro isingabvumirwe iyi yaive mhosva yedunhu uye kusvibiswa kwayo nekukurumidza, kuchiteverwa nekushambadzira kuri pedyo.
"Vachena vimboti" vakaenderera mberi, nekuti "hope dzeAmerica" harisi kuenda chero kupi. Mukufunga kwevagari veUS, iyo yakakodzera ichiripo imba yavo mumugwagwa muhomwe yakatemwa yakafanana nevavakidzani vako, chikoro chakanaka uye mudiwa kuti ushande pane imwe mota kana nechitima. Iyo yakawanda-inochengetera microdistrcricants yakanga isina mukana mumwe: nekukurumidza zvakare ivo vakazvitarisisa. Mukuziva kukuru kwekirasi yepakati, ivo vairamba vari vanhu varombo, vanotama uye zvinhu zvematsotsi.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, vanobudirira maAmerican vakatanga kudzoka kubva kuSuburbs kuenda kunzvimbo dzakaderera uye nzvimbo dziri padyo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika nezve nyanzvi dzechidiki dzevadiki, dzinogona kuwana mukana wekushanda uye varaidzo zvakakoshesa kupfuura hupenyu hwakarongedzwa mune inodakadza suburb. Asi mune iyi nyaya, aya mabheneketi akamirira nzvimbo dzakatenderwa zvine zvivakwa zvakaderera, uye dzimwe nguva zvazvino, zvigadzikiso zvekugara zvakagadzirwa negirazi, simbi uye huni.
Mukutumira-soviet nzvimbo, pakanga paine chiitiko chakasiyana zvachose chekushanda mazano e corbusier. Kutanga, iyo nyika haina kupa sarudzo yedu kumunhu wedu. Muongorori aigona kutamisa kuti agare mumugwagwa mafuro paakava mudzidzi uye imba yenyika yaivimba. Solidinary misa masoet eSoviet yekugadzira yakazara-gore rese-kutenderera kwaive kusiri kukodzera. Imwe chete nzira yakave yakawanda-soro ("Stalinka"
Kusaenzana kwenzara, kwakafanana neAmerican, kwaisavapo pano. Kwaingova nemumvuri chete wegrey, saka rarama mune yakasvibira meadow yakaonekwa seyakakurumbira kupfuura muSabaniis, uye pane umhutu - zviri nani pane muChiJOVKA. Nezvizvarwa zvakamanikidzwa mumagariro genotype yehupenyu hwakagadzikana hunobudirira uye nhasi. Muzana ramakore rechi21, mune dzimwe nyika dzakavakidzana, iyo nhamba yenhamba uye Sukhamervo ichiri kukura mune dzimwe nyika dzakavakidzana, kana mune imwe nyika, iyo inoonekwa seyakavakirwa makore makumi maviri, nezve "michina" yakakanganwa makumi emakore apfuura.
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