Mu 1950-1960, imijyi myinshi y'Abanyamerika yatangiye vuba gutera imbere inyubako ndende. Ntabwo byari bimeze kuri skyscraverse yose, ariko bikumenyera uturere twatunze duhereye kumwanya hamwe namabuye y'amatafari muri etage 9-16. Bitandukanye n '"imifuka yo kuryama", ugereranije neza kandi rero, muri Amerika, benshi muribi barimbe babayeho imyaka icumi gusa, nyuma yaho basenye bunyamaswa. Kuki igihugu kinini cyahitanye miliyari za mbere cy'amadolari mu kubakwa ubwoko nk'ubwo bw'imiturire, ariko bidatinze arabyanga, asoza amaso ku gihombo, kandi ni ukubera iki bidashoboka kuri twe? Onliner.by avuga kubyerekeye kuvuka, ubuzima bubabaza kandi urupfu rwihuse rw'Abanyamerika "Gusinzira Ghetto."
Kuvuka
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byagezweho na Nikita Khrushchev mu gihe arenze umuyobozi wa Leta y'Abasoviyeti yari intangiriro yo gufata icyemezo cy'ibanze cy'ikibazo cy'amazu muri USSR. Ikibazo cy'inzu, nkuko mubizi, byangije abantu basanzwe babaga ku wa gatandatu wa Sashi, nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose irangiye. Ibice bituwe cyane by'Abasoviyeti byari mu matongo, ariko aho gutegura urusaku rw'imiturire ihendutse, leta (ahari, uhereye ku mpamvu nziza) zari zishimishwa no kubaka "ingoro nziza cyane. , ariko bihenze cyane mu musaruro. Igice cya kabiri cya 1950 kumyaka 1950, imyaka icumi nyuma yintambara, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni baracyafungiwe mu kigo, dugor "na Hastic. Khrushchev, amaze gutangira ubukangurambaga bwe buzwi bwo gukuraho "ubwumvikane mu bubatsi", bwageze ku kintu cy'ingenzi: benshi muri abo baturage bahawe umwanya wo kugereranya - agasanduku k'umwanya "nta Kikoni, ahubwo ni ibyayo .
Muri iryo hashize imyaka imwe, ibihugu byinshi by'Uburayi, harimo n'iburengerazuba bwa capitaliste, yagiye mu nzira nk'iyi kandi iyobowe na logique isa. Mu nkengero za London na Paris, Barcelona na Roma bakuze ibintu byose bisanzwe kuva mu nyubako mbere yo koroshya. Amerika, batagize ingaruka ku mirwano, yasaga nkaho ari ibintu bitandukanye. Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yazanye iterambere ry'igihugu, ikabigira imbaraga, kandi ikintu cyingenzi kigize "Inzozi z'Abanyamerika" zabaye inzu yayo mu nkengero zayo mu nkengero zayo. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hariya (ndetse mbere no mu Burayi na USSR), uturere dutuyemo twatangiye kugaragariza.
Mu 1949, Kongere y'Amerika yemeje itegeko rishya ritutsi, imwe mu ngingo zatangaje ihame ry'inzu nziza ahantu heza kuri buri munyamerika. " Iri tegeko ryatoranijwe nta mpanuka. Muri icyo gihe, inkengero z'imijyi myinshi yo mu gihugu, cyane cyane ibirindiro by'inganda mu burasirazuba no mu gice cyayo, "kibisi. Mugihe cyihuta igice cya kabiri cya XIX - igice cya mbere cyikinyejana cya 20 kubakozi bo mubihingwa byibikoresho, byubatswe imiti yihariye, inyubako zamatafari, murangije, uwa kabiri Isi Yitarambiriye. Intambara yo kurwanya ubukana budashinzwe ubuhanga, ikarengewe kandi ubugizi bwa nabi burigihe, yabaye imwe mu ngingo zingenzi za Politiki yimiturire.
Inyandiko ku byapa "agabanya icyaha cy'imbuto". Gucunga amazu muri Amerika
Gukura ibitotsi byarakaje kwimuka kw'ibiciro bikize mu nkengero. Hamwe n "" indege yera "yo mu mujyi yatakaje imisoro, igiciro cy'umutungo utimukanwa mu gice cya cumi na kabiri cya Migari (Dowsitauna) cyashishikajwe cyane n'umubano, nkaho byavuye ku mpapuro za Ibitabo bya Charles Dickens. Guverinoma ya federasiyo mu itegeko rya 1949 ryatumye miliyari ya miliyari yose y'amadolari yo muri izo ntego (miliyari zirenga 10 z'amadolari aho zihwanye), kandi inzira yo gusenya ingoma irashize. Byongeye kandi, abubatsi babasabye icyifuzo, uko batekereza, gusimburwa - ibitekerezo bya l corbuer yatijwe mu Burayi.
Ndetse na mbere y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, umwubatsi w'Abafaransa wasabye kureka inyubako zuzuye buri gihe, kandi aho kuba mu mwanya we), yubatswe mu cyubahiro cyo guturamo amazu yo guturamo yari afite umudendezo mu turere twa parike rwatanze n'ibikorwa remezo remezo byose, "imashini zo imiturire". Abaturanyi bashizweho n'izi nyubako bagombaga gutandukana na zone zinganda kandi zikorwa nuburyo bwinganda, bukurikiza umuvuduko mubikenewe. Mu iterambere rya corbusil rya Corbusi, Uturere twemerewe gutanga ibihe bigezweho, byuzuye kubaho abantu benshi kuruta mbere yaho, batuye ku kibanza cyakaga, mugihe amazu yakwihesha ubwoba. Ibitekerezo nk'ibi byari ishingiro ry'ibitekerezo bya gahunda yo kubaka imiturire ya KHrushchev, byakoreshwaga mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba n'Uburengerazuba, kandi ureba mbere, kandi kuri gahunda y'Abanyamerika "inzu nziza ahantu heza muri Amerika" .
Ville Radiesiuse, "Umujyi wa Raripain" Corbusier 1935
Ubuzima
Urugero rwintangarugero rwo gushyira mu bikorwa iki gitekerezo muri Amerika rwabaye akarere ka Piit Ayigu muri St. Louis, muri Missouri. Ubwa mbere, habaye agace ka slum ka gosoto-carar, yegeranye hafi yumujyi. Icya kabiri, umuyobozi w'akarere-Devicoka, Joseph Darst yari afite icyifuzo cyo gukuraho abaturanyi. Icya gatatu, nyuma yo kwemeza amategeko ya 1949, bivuze uburyo bwa federasiyo yagaragaye kugirango ashyire mubikorwa iki gitekerezo.
Mu marushanwa yubwubatsi bwateguwe, Minouro Yamasaki yatsinzwe na Biromu, Yamasaki na Leinuber. Yamasaki, uwazashyikirije impanga zarimbuwe ku ya 11 Nzeri 2001 i New York, yatanze umushinga watewe na Corbusier. 33 Ikidodo cy'amazu 11 y'amagorofa yubatswe kuri hegitari 23 yo gusinzira, mu nzu ya 2870 muri zo abantu bagera ku 10 bagombaga kubaho. Ikintu cyingenzi cyakarere, cyitwa Pruit-aigu, cyabaye itandukaniro. Abatuye abirabura bagombaga kuba muri Pruide, no muri Aigu - umweru, nubwo byombi kimwe cya kabiri kandi cyari kigizwe na bose.
Slums Hardo-Carr to Demolilition
Umushinga Ntoya Yamasaka
Kugeza mu 1956, agace ko guturamo byari byiteguye, nyuma y'umwaka, 9% gusa byayo, ariko ibyumba byiza byakomeje gutungurwa. Byasa nkaho intsinzi idasanzwe, ariko rero hari ibitagenze neza.
Kera mu 1954, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwatanze icyemezo cya Leta kuri uru rubanza, rwitwa Brown kurwanya Inama Njyanama ku burezi. Dukurikije icyo cyemezo, hagaragaye itandukaniro rya de-yura ryamenyekanye n'ivugurura rya cumi na kane rivuga itegeko nshinga rya Amerika. Kwishyira hamwe kwa Pruit na Ayigu muri kimwe - bimaze kuvanga - Urugomo hamwe nurwikekwe rushingiye ku moko bataragirana n'abazungu bo muri ako karere benshi batangiye kwimuka bakimara kubiva amahirwe nkaya. Imiryango yabirabura yatuye mu mwanya wabo, kandi kure cyane, cyane cyane. Amacumbi muri Pruit-Aigu yabaga imibereho, ariko leta yatewe inkunga yo kubaka. Ibikubiye byinshi bigomba gukorwa byishyuwe nabaturage. Buri kwezi mu baturage b'ikigo barushagaho kuba inyungu rusange. Ntibashoboraga kwishyura ubukode mugihe gikwiye, ninzu 33, ibirori byo kwizihiza Igitekerezo cya none cyumurimo wo guturamo uturere dutuwe, batangiye kugabanuka vuba.
Guverinoma ya federasiyo yakoresheje miliyoni 36 z'amadolari y'Akaga, kandi baramara, nk'uko byaragaragaye. Pruit-Aigu, kuba mu bihe byo kubura amafaranga ku kubaho kwe neza, byatangiye umuyaga. Ibikorwa rusange byaretse gukuramo imyanda, amadirishya yamenetse ntawe wasimbuwe, kandi ntiyagaragaye ibikorwa remezo byasezeranijwe n'Akarere kasezeranijwe n'Akarere. Abaturage be barasohoka, bakimara kubona ikindi kintu gikwiye, kandi muri iyi ngengo yimari yikigo cyabuze cyane, nacyo, cyatumye habaho kugabanuka. Aka gace kabaye ghetto, paradizo kubacuruza ibiyobyabwenge, ubuhungiro kubanyamahane. Mu buryo butunguranye, byaje kugaragara ko inyubako zigezweho ari umwanya utunganya wo kwijura no kwica. Umwubatsi wa Yamasaka Gitko yagize ati: "Sinigeze ntekereza ko abantu barimo gusenya. Nkububatsi, ndashidikanya ko ubu natekereza gufata umushinga nkuyu. Ndashaka ko iki gikorwa na kimwe cyakorwa na gato. "
Urupfu
Ibibazo bya komini n'ubugizi bwa nabi byateje ko imirima ya 11 mu mpera za 1960 zajugunywe rwose. Mu myaka ya za 70, nyuma yimyaka 14 gusa nyuma yo kubaka uruganda rurangiye, abayobozi bakuru ba Saint Luis bamenye ko abageragezo batangira kuvanaho ako gace. Mu 1972-1974, inyubako 33 zose zari imwe muri imwe yavuzwe. Gukoresha dinamite ya miliyoni 36 z'amadolari yahindutse ikirundo cy'imyanda yo kubaka. Ububiko bweruye Charles Jenks yatangaje ati: "Ubwubatsi bugezweho bwapfiriye muri St. Louis, muri Missouri, ku ya 15 Nyakanga 1972 ku masaha 15 y'iminota 32." Uyu niwo munsi n'isaha imwe, iyo inyubako yambere ya Pruit Aigu.
Birumvikana ko jenks, yishimiye bimwe. Benshi mu bice bisa na St. Louis byaramubayeho imyaka mirongo, ariko hafi ya bose barangije ibyago bimwe. Icyamamare cya Chicago Cabrino Icyatsi (3600), wafatwaga kimwe mu byorezo bituruka ku butegetsi bwa Amerika, byasenyutse kuva mu 1995 kugeza 2011. Robert Taylor Murugo muri Chicago imwe (28 16-yububiko kuri 4415 amazu) yashenywe na 2007. Yakoranye kandi nibindi byinshi byo gutegura imijyi ya 1950 na 1960. Kandi muri buri kibazo, ibyabaye byateye imbere kimwe. Leta yubatse inyubako ihendutse, aho ibintu byose bitarangwa byakemuwe, byabihinduye ikizamini. Iwageze mu rugo, maze amaherezo arasenyuka. Rimwe na rimwe, amazu mashya, hasi-hasi-asanzwe yubatswe mu mwanya wabo, mu rundi - ibibuga byakomeje ubusa. Haracyariho ibiti kurubuga rwa piruit-ayoou ya Yamasaka umwubatsi.
EXZa hakiri kare yari itegereje ahantu hasa na New York. Ngaho, mu 1940-1970, hafi miliyoni eshatu zo guturamo abakozi batandukanye, kandi hafi ya byose bibaho kugeza ubu. Biracyariho ahanini cyane cyane mu nyubako rusange kandi muburyo bwinshi abakoresha bahuza, ariko barokotse ku myigaragambyo ya New York.
Ubwa mbere, iyi megalopolis iratsinze cyane, kandi umujyi udafite aho utuye abatuye ibihumbi amajana menshi yabatuye inyubako ndende. Icya kabiri, ibiciro kumutungo utimukanwa hariya ko gusenya iyo ari yo yose bizatwara ibiro by'Umuyobozi mu mubare w'akataraboneka. Hanyuma, icya gatatu, guverinoma ya federasiyo yanze gutera inkunga no guhuza amazu nkaya. Nkigisubizo, uko ibintu bimeze muri New York byabitswe kandi uyumunsi. Uyu niwo mujyi wonyine wumunyamerika ushobora kubona "miciriteri" nini ", reka bikaba bitandukanye nibyo byacu.
Ni izihe mpamvu zitumaho ibintu bitatsi bibi byo gushyira mubikorwa ibitekerezo bya Corbusier muri Amerika? Uturere twibumoso muri Amerika muri Amerika twubatswe ahantu hatuje, kandi ntabwo byibuze abana bato bato. Mu nzu yabo ihendutse, abaturage bongera gukemuka, kandi umubare wabo uragwira. Muri icyo gihe, aho kuba ahantu hataruwe ubukene, habonetse akarere ka kijyaho yibanze Ubukene bwahise buza kugabanuka. Gusenya gutandukanya ibyabaye muri iyo myaka, Abanyamerika benshi bagaragaye ko bibabaje. Cyera kiracyakunda kubana cyera, nkigisubizo cya societe yashinzwe, ihujwe gusa ninzego nke cyane zinjiza hamwe nibara ryuruhu. Ingaruka zidasanzwe zibi nicyaha cyakarere no gukomera kwihuta, hakurikiraho gusenya kwegereje.
"Indege yera" yakomeje, kubera ko "inzozi z'Abanyamerika" zigiye ahantu hose. Mu mitekerereze y'abaturage ba Amerika, icyifuzo kiracyagumye mu nkengero zabo mu nkengero zifite ibyatsi bihwanye n'igituba cyawe, ishuri ryiza kandi rikundwa gukora ku mucyo ku giti cye cyangwa muri gari ya moshi. Microdictikingi nyinshi ntabwo yari ifite amahirwe imwe: byihuse bahise babona izina ribi. Mu myumvire nini yo mu cyiciro cyo hagati, bari kandi bagumaho abakene, abimukira n'ibintu by'ubugizi bwa nabi.
Gusa vuba aha, Abanyamerika bateye imbere batangiye kugaruka bava mu nkengero kugeza ku maboko no mu turere twegeranye. Ibi ahanini byinzobere mu rubyiruko, abazungu, uburyo bworoshye kubona akazi n'imyidagaduro ari ngombwa kuruta ubuzima bwapimwe mu nkengero. Ariko muriki gihe, ibi bicuruzwa bitegereje ahantu hatangiriyeho hamwe ninyubako zito zigenda ziyongera, kandi rimwe na rimwe ibintu bigezweho, ubuzima bugezweho bukozwe mu kirahure, icyuma.
Mu mwanya wa nyuma-muri Soviet, hari uburambe butandukanye rwose bwo gukora ibitekerezo bya Corbusier. Ubwa mbere, leta ntabwo yatanze amahitamo yacu kumuntu. Umushakashatsi ashobora kwimuka gutura mu nkengero gusa ubwo yabaye umunyeshuri kandi inzu y'igihugu yishingikirije. Umuryango usanzwe wo muri Soviet wasanzwe mu gihe cyumwaka wuzuye-uzenguruka umwaka uzenguruka ntibyari bikwiye. Ubundi buryo bwonyine bwabaye amagorofa menshi ("Stalinka", Khrushchevka cyangwa Brezhnevka), imbere yabo abantu bose bamaze kunganya: injeniyeri, na muganga, n'umuganga, na muganga, hamwe n'abakozi baturutse mu ruganda rukwegereye.
Ubusumbane bw'imibereho, busa n'umunyamerika, ntabwo bwabayeho hano. Hariho igicucu cyimvi, rero kiba mu mwobo kibisi cyafatwaga nko muri Sabanis, no ku mubu - nziza kuruta muri Chijovka. Ibisekuru byinjijwe mubyerekeranye na genotype yubuzima bwiza itera imbere nuyu munsi. Mu kinyejana cya 21, mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe duturanye, umubare w'abantu, kandi Sukharevo aracyakura mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe duturanye, igihe kingana n'isi ifatwa nk'imico, imashini "zishingiye ku myaka mirongo ishize.
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