Nk'uko byatangajwe na anthropologiste, ikintu cyingenzi cyerekana abantu ba sapienns ya homo (umuntu wubwenge) mugihe kinini cyumwanya mwiza wa primates ni ibitekerezo byatejwe imbere. Kurenza ibintu bisanzwe hamwe nubushobozi bwo gushyira mubikorwa iki cyerekezo kugirango dushyire mubikorwa nkibintu bitandukanye byundi muntu: Homo Sapiens Paurmu - Umugabo mwiza wo guhanga.
Birumvikana ko, urwenya, ariko imbaraga zo guhanga kwicunga ziragufasha gukora ibintu bishimishije. Ku rubuga rwacu hari uruziga rwingingo rwahariwe ibikoresho bidasanzwe, byoroshye gukora n'amaboko yawe. Kurugero, kuva ibuye, beto na jam. Cyangwa ibintu byimbere byamahitamo yo gukora iy'amafaranga yinjira - amacupa ya plastike cyangwa agasanduku ko gupakira. Abafana b'ubukorikori budasanzwe bazongeramo ibindi bikoresho kuri banki yingurube, ntabwo bikubiye mumikino gakondo yibikoresho.
Ikarito nkisoko yo guhanga
Waba uhindutse nyiri inzu cyangwa inzu nshya, kuzigama byose byagiye mubwubatsi no gusana, no kugura ibikoresho bishya bitagisigaye? Ntugacike intege, kandi icy'ingenzi - ntujugunye agasanduku k'ikarito watwaye ibintu byawe mu nzu nshya.
Ntushobora kugura akabati nigitambaro cyo kuryama - gupakira ikarita nimpapuro birashobora kuba ibikoresho byiza kugirango bakore. Kandi kuki yabitswe bisobanura kuki utareka ibirori mugihe cyikibindi? Nibyiza, cyangwa umarane ibindi, nta buryo bushimishije.
Ntukizere ko bishoboka k'ikarito cyangwa tekereza ibikoresho bivuye mu bisanduku bya margingenals? Ndasaba kuzirikana ibi kubikoresho byose bimenyerewe kandi bimenyerewe nkibikoresho byo gupakira cyangwa kwandika.
Ibikoresho by'impapuro: Ibishushanyo mbonera n'amateka
Abashushanya ibintu byimbere muri iki gihe bitondera cyane impapuro mubigaragaza bitandukanye. Cyane cyane mumibanire yinyungu zo gutura k'umuntu no gutunganya (kugaruka kw'imyanda n'imyanda mu bikorwa byo gukora ibintu bishya). Ariko, iki ni icyerekezo gishya, kimwe nabandi benshi - gusa wibagiwe neza.
Impapuro, nubwo hari ububi, bimaze igihe kinini bitakoreshejwe kugirango ukore ibitabo na Stationery. Abacukuzi brotchaeologiste bahura n'intwaro za gisirikare zikozwe mu mpapuro (uyu munsi uzwi ku izina rya Papier-Massha) bakundanye 2000s. Nkuko bikwiye gutegerejweho, izo mpapuro zimpapuro zandikwa rya gisirikare zabonetse mu Bushinwa - mu rugo rw'impapuro. Usibye ingofero na Lata, Abashinwa bakoresheje Papier-Mache no gukora ibikoresho.
Mu kinyejana cya XVII, iri koranabuhanga ryabaye rimaze kugaragara mu Burayi, aho babonye izina risanzwe. Masa ya fibre ya selile ivanze nibintu bifatika (kurugero, hamwe na starch) yakoreshejwe kandi bikoreshwa kugeza uyu munsi kugirango ukore imbere (ibishusho, ibishusho, vase, amatara). Harimo ibikoresho.
Nyuma yigihe, inzira yo gukora ibice kuva Papier-Maha yari ingorabahizi. Theodore JeneNnes yatangiye gukoresha igitutu ku gitutu ku gitutu, kandi Henry Glue yakiriye ipatanti yo gushushanya ibishushanyo by'ibintu byakorewe mu itanura, nk'ibisubizo, ibicuruzwa byabonye ubushuhe buhebuje.
Theodore Jennes na John Betridge yateguye Jennens na Bettridge, baguze amahugurwa na patenti gukubita. Abafatanyabikorwa babyaye ibikoresho n'ibindi bikoresho by'imana bivuye mu mpapuro Masha, bimaze gukenera cyane - Amaduka y'isosiyete yari i Londres na york.
Ibikoresho byo mu nzu na Bettridge bitandukanye n'ubumenyi bwiza, kuko uhereye ku mpapuro ushobora gukora imiterere ikomeye. Yashushanyijeho irangi rya zahabu ryoroheje, ikomatanya na nyina wa puwaro kandi yuzuyemo ibice byinshi by'ubucuruzi nk'ibikoresho by'ubushinwa.
Mu Burusiya, guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya XVIII, hariho na gakondo yo gukora ibicuruzwa muri Papier-Mache. Birashoboka, abantu bose bazi agasanduku, itabi, petroks, barimbishijwe gushushanya miniture ya lacque ya lacque ya lacque ya marest ya Fane, Fedsoskino, MSSRA, Holly.
Gukora ibishushanyo mbonera biva muri Papier Masha kandi ntibisiga impungenge. Kurugero, urukurikirane rwamatara ya kano ya kano muri studio idahwitse.
Ibikoresho byimpapuro biroroshye
Niba wahumetswe ningero zamateka kandi zishushanya zikora impapuro zifatika, igihe kirageze cyo kumenyana nikoranabuhanga. Ntakintu kirubamo - uzabyemeza neza, ureba videwo ikurikira.Inzira eshatu zingenzi zo gukora impapuro zifatika zirashobora gutandukanywa.
1. Papier-Masha
Hamwe nimpapuro-masha, benshi bamenyereye amasomo yumurimo mumashuri abanza. Izina ry'ikoranabuhanga (Igifaransa Papier Mâché) gisobanurwa nk "impapuro ziremereye". Impinga iyo ari yo yose ibereye nk'ibikoresho fatizo - bivuye mu binyamakuru bishaje kugeza ku ikarito y'ikarito mu magi (ibyo, na byo byakozwe ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya Papier-Massha).
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa papier-mache: imbaga nimpapuro. Kuva ku mpapuro ushobora gushushanya, kora imitako yicaye, ibintu, byuzuza uburyo butandukanye. Plastike no kubahiriza ibikoresho bigufasha gutanga ibicuruzwa ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose.
Urashobora gukora ikintu cyose uvuye mumibare. Niba uteganya gukora ibikoresho byose, ntukibagirwe kubyerekeye Ikadiri: Birumvikana ko ibikoresho fatizo bijanjaguwe, bivanze na kole, ibintu biramba, ariko kugirango ukore shingiro ryintebe biracyakwiye. Muburyo bwa kabiri (layer-by-layer ibuze kubice bito) mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugukora imiterere yuzuye.
Ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu masako byatunganijwe byoroshye - bisize, byacukuwe. Ibintu byo muri Papier-Mache birashobora gusiga irangi, bikaba bishaje, koresha decoupage na diling. Multilayer couting azakora impapuro zo mumodoka yubushuhe-ibimenyetso kandi irwanya imitwaro ya mashini.
2. Ikarita ya makarita nyinshi
Muri rusange, ubu buhanga burashobora kumvikana kuva kumurongo wavuzwe haruguru. Kuva ku makarita y'ikarito, "ikibaho" cy'ibinini bisabwa byinjizwa - ibice byimurirwa, nko mu gukora plywood.
Kimwe na Papier-Massha, ikarito-yikarita nyinshi igufasha gukora ibikoresho byimiterere idasanzwe, mugihe kimwe ukomeza gukomera bihagije. Ibikoresho nk'ibi nabyo biratunganywa kandi bitarimbishijwe, ariko bamwe bakunda ikarita mu buryo busanzwe, babona ubwiza bwibikoresho mu nyubako yijimye kandi ikaze.
3. Ikarita ya Origami
Niba muburyo bubiri bwo kuba uburyo bufatika - igice giteganijwe, hanyuma muriki cyerekezo ntakintu gikoreshwa. Mu buryo runaka, kuzenguruka impapuro z'ikarita zifata neza gukomera kuba intebe, sofa cyangwa imbonerahamwe y'ibiro.
Kubikoresho bya Papier-Mache cyangwa Ikarita ya Maleer ya Glue, urashobora gufata imyanda iyo ari yo yose. Ikarita ya orige-Ibikoresho isaba ibikoresho bishya byubusa nukuri kwibikora. N'ubundi kandi, ibicuruzwa, ubanza, bigomba kurwanya imizigo (ikamba rito ntirikwiranye hano), naho icya kabiri, ubuso bwayo ni bwo buryo bwo gushushanya ibishushanyo n'amashusho bidasanzwe hamwe n'amashusho ntibihishe.
Ikarito bushing no kuboha ibinyamakuru
Mu gusobanura ibishoboka byimpapuro nkibikoresho fatizo byo gukora ibikoresho byawe hamwe namaboko yawe, birumvikana, ntibishoboka kurengana namakarito ya bushion hamwe nibinyamakuru.
Nibyo, silinderi kuva kumpapuro zumusarani ni yoroshye cyane kandi nto, ariko urufatiro ruva mu ruzingo rwa wallpaper, Lineleum cyangwa itapi zibereye mubyiciro ibikoresho. Bashobora kuboneka mubyukuri kubusa niba wemeye ububiko bwububiko bwaho. By the way, ibihuru byubunini butandukanye birashobora kugura gusa mubwinshi butagira imipaka.
Kuboha kuva mubinyamakuru ibiganiro nibyishimisha. Duhereye kubintu byiza (ibinyamakuru bishaje), urashobora gukora ibikoresho, nyuma yo gushushanya cyangwa gukinisha, veneer ntabwo izareka gakondo, Wicker ya Rattan cyangwa YaV. Umwigisha, Gukora Ubukorikori butandukanye kuva mumitsi, no kurubuga rwacu. Nizere ko bazavuga ibyingenzi byiki kibazo n'amafoto ya Shake.
Nibwira ko nashoboye kwerekana ibikoresho bimenyereye muburyo budasanzwe. Emera, ibikoresho byimpapuro ntibisanzwe kandi birashimishije, kandi biracyabishaka kandi byoroshye.
