Nkoresha buri munsi nabantu benshi bamenyereye ibintu byinshi tumaze kuva aho ibyo bintu byagaragaye byabahimbye bwabanje gutangira kugeza ubu nuburyo babigizemo.
Fata icyuma gikonjesha. Abantu baba mukarere ka benshi mu Burusiya, ibi bikoresho byo murugo birasa nkubwoko bwiza - birumvikana ko byoroshye hamwe no guhumeka, ariko urashobora kubikora rwose utabifite. Ariko muri Amerika, icyuma gikonjesha cyabaye igikoresho gifite igihugu cyahindutse. Biramenyerewe kuvuga kubyerekeye konderasi, nkigikoresho cyumwuka ukonje, ariko ingaruka zigaragara zigera kugari cyane kuruta igikundira. Ndashimira icyuma gikonjesha, ubwubatsi bwinyubako, aho abantu batuye nuburyo babaho. Birashobora kuvugwa ko icyuma gikonjesha cyashyizeho ubuzima bwa kijyambere bwabanyamerika.
Mbere yo kugaragara ibikoresho byo gukonjesha mashini, abantu bahoraga bahimba uburyo butandukanye bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe murugo rwabo. Kubwamahirwe, benshi muribo bari bakoze cyangwa bihenze cyane. Ice yakoreshejwe cyane, ariko, nkuko ubyumva, byari ngombwa kugura buri gihe, ntabwo aribyo byose kumufuka. Ice mu itumba ryacukuwe ku bigega byakonje by'Ubwongereza bushya maze bikikingira muri Amerika, ndetse no mu bihugu bya Karayibe ndetse n'Ubuhinde bwubuhinde bwabitswe, umubare munini wibihingwa bibi no kuba imigi myinshi ku nkombe z'ibigega binini. Byongeye kandi, abantu ntibihutira kwimukira mu bihugu by'amajyepfo bishyushye. Harimo rero, imigi hafi ya yose y'Abanyamerika yubatswe ku buryo bugereranije kuba mu majyaruguru ya Amerika.
Urubura. Texas, 1939.
Reba ifoto iyo ari yo yose ya New York mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20: Megapolis yubatse inyubako nyinshi zizamuka, mu mihanda yo gutanga amashanyarazi, amaduka y'amazi, amaduka menshi, imirongo rusange, imirongo ya metero, ishuri, amasomero, nibindi, no gukonjesha mumezi ashyushye yagezweho gusa afashijwe nigice cya urubura, idirishya rifunguye, hamwe numufana. Byongeye kandi, ubuzima bwaragoye cyane ubucuruzi bwafashwe noneho. Imyenda miremire mubagore, imyambarire hamwe ningofero ziteganijwe mubantu. Ntabwo bitangaje kuba abantu benshi bahumura cyane.
Andhews Impapuro Co Mu mpeshyi, Washington, 1917.
Icyuma gikonjesha cyahinduye ubwubatsi bwabanyamerika. Cyane cyane yagize ingaruka ku nyubako yigenga. Mbere yo kugaragara mu bwubatsi, ibikoresho nkibi nk'ibuye n'amatafari byakoreshejwe cyane, byafashwe igihe kirekire kandi gishyushye kandi gikonje. Ibisenge mubyumba byakoze byinshi kugirango umwuka ushushe wari ugiye hejuru, usiga abaturage ubukonje busanzwe hepfo. Abafana baseke bagaragara nyuma bafashaga kuzamura umwuka ushyushye mu cyi kandi bakamanura hasi mugihe cy'itumba.
Gahunda y'ibiro mu 1912. Kuva kubikoresho byo gukonjesha abafana gusa kurukuta.
Amazu yigenga yubatswe ahanini inkuru ebyiri. Byongeye kandi, ibyumba byo kuraramo byahoze bihabwa amagorofa yo hejuru kandi birayakoresha nijoro gusa, bifungura amadirishya yidirishya. Ubuzima bwose bwabereye muri etage ya mbere. Idirishya ryakoze niba bishoboka uturutse impande zose z'inyubako kuvuza ibyumba byo mu nzu. Hejuru y'ibyumbaniya yafunguye amadirishya ya Windows, akwirakwiza ikirere mu byumba.
Inyubako zo guturamo i Washington, Akarere Columbiya. 1920.
Kuva mu majyepfo y'inzu, ibiti byatumye igicucu gihora kigera. Byongeye kandi, mu mpeshyi bakoreraga inzitizi y'izuba, kandi mu gihe cy'itumba, igihe amababi yagwaga, ibinyuranye na byo binyuranyije mucyumba. Ibitekerezo byinshi hamwe nubusitani bukabije bwumuhanda wumujyi, watewe n'ibiti bifite amakamba meza, watanze igicucu cyiza. Inyubako zakoreshejwe cyane ingaruka zo gusunika, gukora ingazi zifunguye kandi zikurura umwuka ushyushye binyuze muri bo hejuru no kumuhanda. Urugo ruto rw'inyuma rwatungutse n'ibiti, ibihuru n'ibimera nabyo byari bifite inshingano zacyo. Hifashishijwe gufungura no gufunga amadirishya n'inzugi zimwe munzu haje umwuka utuje uva inyuma winyuma ukajya hanze yumwuka ushyushye uva mucyumba. Idirishya ryarafunzwe na shitingi, cyangwa umwenda wuzuye kugirango wirinde inkuta zishyushya icyumba n'ibikoresho biva ku mirase y'izuba. Amazu niyo byanze bikunze amaterasi manini batwikiriye basinziriye mugihe cyizuba gishyushye.
Inzu muri Jeworujiya, 1944.
Abatuye mu mijyi bari babi. Mugihe cyubushyuhe bukomeye, bakijije mumifuka imijyi hamwe nibigega byose bihari. Inyanja yari yuzuye. Bagombaga kuryama ku ngazi z'umuriro cyangwa kuri bose kumuhanda.
Abana boga muri parike Nkuru 1944.
Umurongo kubusa hashize iminsi cyane cyane muminsi ishyushye. New York, 1900.
Abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro i New York ntibari bagenewe kuzimya umuriro gusa, ahubwo no kugira ngo bakonje abahatuye.
Abana boga mumazi kuva hydrant. New York, 1939.
Inyubako zishaje zo hejuru zamazi zamye zigize p cyangwa n n, kugirango ibyumba byose bifite umubare ntarengwa wa Windows imbere. Kugeza ku ya 40s, amadirishya ya New York yari afite ibikoresho byo gufunga icyumba cyizuba, kandi abafana benshi barazimiye imbere, batatanye.
Inyubako ya Flaton-inyubako, 1909.
Imijyi myinshi yo mu majyepfo n'imijyi myinshi yo mu majyaruguru ya Amerika yapfuye mu mezi y'izuba. Abantu bimukiye gutura ahandi. Benshi bari batwaye inyanja, inkombe zakabatswe amagorofa-amahoteri. Umurwa mukuru wa Amerika mu mezi y'izuba yahindutse umujyi w'izimu.
Guhagarika mu idirishya ntabwo bikonjesha, ariko uruhinja rwihariye.
Kugirango abantu bakonje, abantu bari biteguye gutwara amasaha menshi kugirango bagendere bisi ebyiri zigororotse cyangwa imitego, amadirishya yakinguye, cyangwa ntabwo aribyo.
Abana barigata urubura mugihe cyizuba rishyushye 1911.
Umugabo wahinduye Amerika yari umubyimba wimyaka 25 watwaye, wakoraga nka injeniyeri kuri Buffalo forge bo muri Buffalo, muri New York. Gukemura ikibazo cyubwikunde bw'umwuka ukabije mu kubaka inzu ya Brooklyn mu 1902, yakusanyije kandi yashizwe mu nsiba igikoresho cyabaye icya mbere mu mateka yo guhumeka. Ariko ntabwo byari ibintu byoroshye twamenyereye uyumunsi, ariko hakoreshejwe uburyo bunini bwigaruriwe hafi ya byose. Muri icyo gihe 1902, sisitemu yo guhuza ikirere yategetse ivunjisha rishya rya york, ryayishyizeho ivunjisha ritagikemura ibibazo byumusaruro, kandi kugirango impumuro y'abakozi yakoraga mu nyubako. Aragenda, aragenda. Inyubako ya mbere yo kubaka hamwe na sisitemu yo guhumeka yari hafi ya ermor bild muri Kansas, muri Missouri, kandi buri cyumba cyayo gifite ibikoresho ku giti cye.
Umwikorezi Willis hamwe nubwonko bwe.
Igikoresho cya mbere cyo gukonjesha inzu yigenga cyagaragaye mu 1914. Ntibyashobokaga no guhura nayo. Yamuremye umutware umwe, kandi ashyiraho uruganda rwa mbere rw'inzu mu ngoro ya Charles Gates, umuhungu wa Magen Gates, wagize ubuzima ku bubiko. Byari bisekeje ko inzu y'irembo yari mu murwa mukuru wa Minnesota - Minneapolis - umujyi wo mu majyaruguru ya Amerika ufite ikirere gishyushye. Kuva kera, kubera ibiciro byinshi kandi binini, icyuma gikonjesha cyari ugutinyuka mubucuruzi bukomeye budasanzwe. Bashyizwe mu maduka y'ishami, Cinema, amahoteri n'ahantu. Mu mazu yigenga, baracyahuye gake.
Umutwara Umuyaga, 1928.
Sinema ya mbere ifite uburyo bwo guhumeka bwari New York Rivoliya, yari iy'akageragezo kazwi-Pixer. Mu 1925, ku cyifuzo cyakozwe, cyari gifite ibikoresho byo mu kirere no kurwara itike byakemuwe inshuro nyinshi. Ikigaragara ni uko Cinema zose zitari zifite ibibazo bigaragara mugihe cyizuba. Abari bateraniye aho ntibashakaga kwicara mu nzu, kubera ko na firime zizwi cyane zari mu ngoro ya kimwe cya kabiri, kandi cinema yabuze igihombo kinini. Ibibazo byarazimiye hamwe no kuza kwuzuzanya, kandi cinema itangira kuzuza make, nkuko abantu batangiraga kujyayo atari bakonje gusa, ariko nanone kwicara gusa. Ibi nabyo byahinduye igihe cya firime ya firime na gahunda yo gusohoka. Amashusho menshi yatangiye kugaragara kuri ecran mugihe cyizuba muri cinema. Ibyiza byo gukonjesha byagaragaye neza ko mumyaka itanu gusa uburyo bwo guhumeka bwakozwe muri cinema zirenga 300. Ibikoresho by'ibikoresho bikoresho bitanga ibikoresho, amaduka, ibitaro, ibimera, imodoka za gari ya moshi, n'ibindi. Batezimbere ibisabwa no kongera umusaruro wumurimo mugihe cyizuba. Imiterere y'imisozi yashoboye gutembera hamwe no guhumurizwa cyane no kubaho neza aho bidashoboka kubaho mbere.
Sinema Rivoli, 1925.
Mu 1931, icyuma cya mbere cyagati cyagaragaye. Ibintu byose byaba ari ubusa, ariko agura ibirenze bamwe murugo. Ibindi byinshi cyangwa bike cyane, ibi bikoresho byabaye gusa ku ya 50 Werurwe gusa mu kinyejana gishize, kandi kugeza icyo gihe Amerika, n'ibindi byose, ikiremwamuntu runaka cyabigizemo. Hagaragaye ko ikariso iboneka igereranya yakoze impinduramatwara mu isoko ry'imitungo itimukanwa kandi ihindura demografiya w'igihugu. Isohoka ry'abaturage baturutse mu bihugu by'amajyepfo, byakomeje igice cya mbere cyikinyejana cya 20, cyasimbuwe no kwiyongera k'umuyaga. Gukemura ibikorwa bya Florida, Californiya, Texas, Jeworujiya, New Mexico nandi komazi muri Amerika batangiye. Igihugu kizengurutse imigi minini cyatangiye gucuruza cyane mu mazu aheke yimbaho adafite ibikoresho byo mu idirishya, buri gihe kiba gifite izindi mpamvu zatumye abaturage bimukira mu nkengero kandi bahindura Amerika ubuziraherezo. Abantu batangiye kumara umwanya murugo, na televiziyo irababoheshaga sofa. Kuruhukira ku nyanja kuva ibihe byambere byahindutse icyumweru, hanyuma bigabanuka muminsi itari mike. Gukenera kwimukira ku nkombe y'inyanja mu gihe ashyushye yaburiwe irengero, byatumye habaho kugabanuka no gufunga byinshi byo kwihitiramo Amerika Muri icyo gihe, imodoka, indege n'ibikoresho by'imisozi byatumye hashobora kubaho ahantu hashya, nka Florida, Mexico cyangwa Karayi.
Ba nyir'umufana blog blog The New Yorker
Ntabwo nibuka neza umwaka wagenze - mu 1927 cyangwa 1928 - ubushyuhe bwahagaze muri Nzeri gusa. Ntiyaguye na nyuma y'umwaka w'amashuri - twagarutse mu kazu kacu mu nyanja ya Rocaway. Windows zose muri New York yari intoki, kandi mu mihanda hari amagare menshi yo guhaha byashobokaga kugura urubura rwihuta cyangwa isukari ifite amabara yihuta kuri Penning. Ku bana, twasimbutse inyuma yubwo buryo busa, amafarashi yangiza, akiyongera ku rubura rumwe cyangwa ebyiri; Urubura rugabanya ifumbire nto, ariko igaburira ikiganza n'umunwa.
Abantu, mu burengerazuba bw'umuhanda wa 110, aho nabaga, bari bateye imbere cyane ku ngazi zanjye z'umuriro, ahubwo bava mu mfuruka ya Matelas n'imiryango yose, mu mujyi umwe w'imbere giherereye kuri balkoni zabo.
No nijoro, ubushyuhe ntibwaguye. Hamwe n'abandi bana babiri, nazengurutse 110 kuri parike maze ngenda hagati y'abantu bonyine cyangwa imiryango baryamye ku byatsi, iruhande rw'ibirori binini byakoze ko caophony ituje - hari amasaha amwe yasonzega. Abana barize mu mwijima, abantu bongorerana n'amajwi make, n'aho hafi y'ikiyaga, ibitwenge by'abagore butunguranye. Ndashobora kwibuka gusa abantu b'abazungu baryamye ku byatsi; Garlem yahise atangirana n'umuhanda wa 116.
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