Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa

Anonim

Mapaipi a PVC ndiwotchuka ndi ma dachens aluso. Osati kokha pakusankhidwa mwachindunji, komanso monganso zinthu zamtundu uliwonse zothandiza.

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Kodi chimapangidwa ndi chiyani? Zinthu zambiri zothandiza!

Zolingalira za opanga ambuye ndizosakhudzidwa kwambiri, motero ndinakwanitsa kusakaniza malingaliro onse, koma ndikuganiza kuti si ndalama zonse. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuyang'ana zinthu mwachizolowezi m'njira yatsopano, ndipo apo, malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito mothandiza dziko lathu sadzipanga yekha kudikirira.

Chifukwa chake ndikukupemphani kuti muchotsenso kusankha kwa lero ndikukhazikitsanso kudzoza kwanu. Ndipo ngati mwayamba kale kuwerengetsa mapaipi a polypropylene, nenani za zomwe mwakumana nazo komanso zomwe mumakumana nazo m'mawuwo, zinavomera.

Malingaliro 10 a dimba ndi dimba

Sindingaganize kuti mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ndi dimba ndi osiyanasiyana. Inemwini, sindinakumbukire kuti malo obiriwira ndi malo obiriwira, koma zidapezeka kuti malingaliro ndiochulukirapo! Ena mwa iwo ndi osangalatsa omwe amachokera, ena akwanitsa kuchita zinthu zina.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Malingaliro a machubu opangira machubu a mundawo ndipo mundawo umasilira chiyambi, chothandiza komanso kusiyanasiyana

Ndidasankha khumi ndi awa, kuchokera pakuwona kwanga: Zothandiza kwambiri pafamuyo komanso zosavuta kukwaniritsa.

Mipanda, ma wickits ndi ma shirm

Sizingabwere kudzagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi mwanjira iyi, mpaka ndinawona zithunzizi. Zinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi chithunzi kumanzere - ndi momwe zimafunikira komanso kuleza mtima kotero kuti icho choyamba kudula mphete zamiyala imodzi kuchokera pamapaipi osiyanasiyana, kenako ndiwatengere motere dera, kenako kutetezedwa mophweka. Koma zotsatira zake ndizoyenera.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta mpaka zokongola kwambiri

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a PVC, mutha kukhumudwitsa dera lonselo kapena kulekanitsa gawo (mwachitsanzo, dimba lamasamba kapena bala), tengani minda ya mtunda kapena m'mundamo. Amatha kukhala andiriaarian angwiro, ndipo amathanso kukhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri - zonse zili m'manja mwanu.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kupanga mafupa pazomera zilizonse komanso cholinga chilichonse

Lingaliro lothandiza - kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ngati chimango cholumikizira kuchokera ku gululi. Chifukwa chake simungangopanga mpanda, komanso, mwachitsanzo, chilimwe komwe kumakhala nkhuku.

Onjelila ndi nyumba zamalimwe za nkhuku

Ubwino wa Dziko Lorks adavotera kale ambiri. Ndipo mwina, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza chisankho chopanga bajeti yosuta fodya ndikuyenda, makamaka ngati tikulankhula za nyengo, osati chaka chozungulira. Koma mapaipi a PVC ndipo apa akuthandiza:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mukufuna chilimwe a apiogen kwa nkhuku ndi nkhuku? Mapaipi a PVC adzathandizidwa!

Zosankha zamitundu yotere zitha kukhala zosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zothetsera mafoni ambiri, zomwe ndi zothandiza kwambiri: nkhukuzo zimapangitsa kukhazikika kobiriwira kobiriwira kumadzi, kotero kuti kusuntha kwanthawi zonse kumawapindulitsa ndi malowo.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Ntchito yomangayi siyingakhale yotsekemera yokha, komanso mafoni

Malo obiriwira ndi greenhouse

Ichi ndichifukwa chake mapaipi a Polypfensene ali oyenera mwangwiro. Komanso, kapangidwe kake katha kusankhidwa chifukwa cha kukoma kulikonse ndi kuchuluka kwa luso. Ngati maluso ogwirira ntchito ndi nkhaniyi sikofunikira pa chida choterechi, mutha kuchita popanda iwo. Eya, mbuye wokhala ndi zokumana nazo ndi zotsimikizika komanso popanda malangizo adzamangidwa nyumba yazomera kwa aliyense panjira.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Greenhouses ndi greenhouse zochokera ku mapaipi a Polypropyylene - mwachangu, yabwino, yothandiza komanso yodalirika

Mwa njira, samalani: zomangira pazithunzi ziwiri zapamwamba zimatha kuchita bwino monga gawo la malo obiriwira komanso nyumba ya nkhuku. Ndipo wowonjezera kutentha pa chithunzi kumanja kumanja amaphatikiza ntchito ziwiri za mapaipi nthawi imodzi: Amakhala pachimake, ndipo amathirira.

Zomera Zimathandizira

Zopezeka bwino kuchokera pa mapaipi a PVC. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zothandizira kuti mbewu zakutchire zichitike: zipilala, trellis, mipanda ya zitsamba za mabulosi.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kuchokera pa mapaipi mutha kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zomwe zimathandizidwa

Ndipo enawo adawuzidwa za momwe adapangira mpanda wokongola wa tchizi kuchokera pa mapaipi. Ndipo mwa njira, sizingakhale zokongola zokongoletsera zokha, komanso njira yabwino yothandizira yomwe ili ndi jamu yokhala ndi jamu ndi masamba ena, omwe tchire limakhala lopanda maluwa kapena zipatso.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Pulypropylene chitumbuwa chimagwirizana

Chifukwa chake, pokonzekera ntchito yokhala ndi mapaipi mwangwiro, mutha kusamukira kuzolinga za zokongoletsera zosiyanasiyana komanso nthawi yopanga mapangidwe am'munda.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Ndipo simungangopanga chitsamba chokha, komanso china chovuta ...

Ngati simukufuna kuthandizira, mutha kusankha mapangidwe opangidwa ndi kukula kapena masinthidwe amtundu uliwonse, kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Catalog yathu imapereka katundu wa malo ogulitsira olima ovinda pa intaneti, ndipo apa mudzapeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya trellis ndi zothandizira.

Shawa yachilimwe

Mutha kugwiritsabe mapaipi pafupifupi cholinga. Ndiye kuti madzi adzayenda pa iwo. Zotsatira zake, kukongola kokongola kwa ana ndi akulu ndi kusamba kotsitsimula.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Shawa yachilimwe - kusangalala kokongola patsiku lotentha

Zomwe zimangofunika kuperekedwa kuchokera ku malingaliro anga ndi gwero lamadzi. Kuumitsa - njirayi ndi yothandiza, koma, koma madzi oundana a madzi abwino - kusangalatsa kuli kowonjezereka. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusamalira chidebe chachikulu chomwe madzi adzakhala padzuwa kwa moyo wanu.

Sashin kapena kumira khitchini yachilimwe

Popanda madzi ndi kukhitchini ya chilimwe, kapena panonso, kapena pano, m'mundamo, ndipo pafupi ndi dimba, kapena pafupi ndi dimba, Ndiponso, machubu a polypneveene adzabwera kudzandithandiza - osati kungobweretsa madzi, komanso kupanga mafoni owala.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Zofunikira Pabwalo

Mapangidwe awa adzakhala osavuta kwambiri kwa analogi yamatabwa kapena yachitsulo, yomwe imatanthawuza kuti itha kusamutsidwa mosavuta kuti ndikofunikira. Zidzatsala kuti mulumikizane ndi payipi - ndikukonzekera!

Chowucha

Pansi pa bafa, adawakhumudwitsa, manja ake anali osoweka - mumafunikira thaulo. Ndipo kenako ziyenera kuwuma kwinakwake. Mlandu uwu umakhala wowuma. Zachidziwikire, zopangidwa ndi mapaipi a PVC, omwe angakayikire!

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Zovala zouma ndi matawulo

Kusowa kokha kokha komwe kunaperekedwa pa chithunzichi kuchokera ku malingaliro anga ndi kwawo. Kodi ali bwino nthawi yachilimwe ndi dziwe - koma ali kuti nthawi yozizira? Ziyenera kuda nkhawa nthawi yomweyo kuti vuto silikupezeka pa nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri.

Komabe, mapangidwe awa a zowuma za chilimwe samatopa, motero mutha kusankha wina.

Munda Trolleys

Nthawi zambiri mdziko muno, china chake chimafunikira kusamutsidwa kwinakwake - kuchokera ku zida zokolola. Koma kunyamula zosavuta (komanso zothandiza kwa thanzi) kuposa kuvala nokha! Chifukwa chake trolley ndi chinthu chomwe mdziko lapansi ndichofunikira. Kapena ngakhale wina.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mitundu yonse ya Trolleys - yothandiza kwambiri ku nyumba ya dziko

Ndipo ngolo zofananazo zitha kusonkhanitsidwa ngati choyendetsa njinga. Zowona, sindikudziwa ntchito yayitali, koma malingaliro omwe angayamikire: Mu kalavani yotere, osati chikopa chokhacho chizikhala ndi mavuto, komanso chihema chokhala ndi ndodo ...

Dominics ndi zina zosangalatsa pabwalo

Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu kunyumba yanyumba. Koma mwanayo ndi wovuta kwambiri: osapita kumabedi a amayi anga, ndizosatheka ku dziwe, ndizowopsa pamsewu ... Ndiye chitani? Palibe funso lotere ngati akulu adasamalira malo osewerera a Chad, komwe kudzakhala malo aluso osangalatsa kuchokera pa mapaipi a PVC.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mapaipi a PVC si nyumba yokha

Ndikuganiza kuti lingaliro la nyumba (kapena m'malo mwake, chimango chake) kuchokera pamapaipi abwera kale. Koma, monga mukuwonera, awa ndi mwayi wa "zomangamanga" pa Universal salephera. Nyumba ndi dzuwa kuchokera ku Dzuwa, masewera Pavinyewa ndi zokopa - mutha kuchita chilichonse chokwanira kwa malingaliro ndi luso. Mwachitsanzo, nano amasewera motere:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kusangalala ndi madzi ndi mchenga ndizosangalatsa kwa ana azaka zosiyanasiyana

Kusangalala ndi madzi ndi mchenga kumatha kutenga mwana kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo popeza kapangidwe kake ndi mafoni, kumatha kukonzedwa nthawi zonse, komwe mwana wokondedwa amayang'aniridwa.

Zojambula ndi ziboda

Akuluakulu, komabe, osati za zomwe zimangoganiza, komanso za ena onse. Chifukwa chake, tifunikira gazebo, hema kapena chitopy pomwe mungabisike padzuwa ndikukhala pagulu labwino kapu ya tiyi kapena kebabs.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Gazebo, hema kapena chibowo - chilichonse chitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mapaipi a Polyproplene

Sindikudziwa bwanji zodalirika komanso kuzizira kwa nyengo yachisanu - mwina sikuli koyenera pa chinthu chofunikira koma sichabwino kwambiri ... Mangani. Ndipo pali nthawi yowonetsa ...

Malingaliro 5 a garaja ndi zokambirana

Mbuyeyu ali ndi zida zogwirira ntchito nthawi zonse mosangalala m'malo awo; Zipangizozi zimawongoleredwa kuti zitheke; Mipando yothandiza, kuyatsa bwino ... komanso, pokonzekera malo abwino ogwirira ntchito mapaipi a PVC, tidzakhala othandiza.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
PVC Pipa ikuthandizira kukhazikitsa ntchito mu garaja kapena zokambirana

Sungani zinthu zazing'ono

Aliyense amene anakhala kuti akufuna kukafufuza kwina kwinakwake kapena screwdriver, akudziwa kuti izi si chuma. Zida zazing'ono ndi zigawo zing'onoting'ono kuti asatayikenso, mutha kuthandizira pa mapaipi a Polyprophenene:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Uku si chithunzi!

Zojambula zofananazi, kokha kuchokera pamapaipi zoposa mapiri, osavuta kumanga kusunga zida - njanji, zitsulo, chitsulo, chitsulo, ndi zina.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Okongoletsa osavuta kusunga zomata zambiri

Chonde dziwani kuti nyumba zonse zitha kukhala zolimba komanso zopingasa - kutengera malo opezeka ndi malingaliro anu ndi malingaliro anu okonda.

Ma racks ndi njira zosungira

Koma m'mapaipi, chilichonse chomwe chingasungidwe mu mabatani a Master, osapinda, motero mpweya mu garaja kapena malo ogwirira ntchito ndi chinthu chofunikira.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mashelufu onse! PVC PINAIP

Kotero kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala dongosolo pachabe, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zotengera zosiyanasiyana ndikupanga mashelufu potengera iwo. Zonyamula ndizosavuta kusaina, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zidzaonekera komwe ili.

Zovala za zinyalala

Chabwino, kodi n'chiyani popanda iwo? Zinyalala zomwe zili pamsonkhanowu zidzakhalapo, ndipo zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri ngati mumayeretsa zabwino. Ndipo kuchokera pa mapaipi a PVC mutha kupanga chithandizo cha chipinda chotayira kapena trolley ya chidebe (chidebe).

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Gawani ndi zinyalala zosavuta ngati muyeretsa bwino

Apa, ndikuganiza kuti chilichonse ndichovuta kwambiri komanso chomveka mu chithunzi, pofotokozera zowonjezera izi sizikufuna.

Kuwala kukhala!

Kuwala bwino kwa ntchito yabwino ndikofunikira. Ndipo ngati kulibe nyali, koma pali zochulukitsa mapaipi a Polyprophene, waya, foloko yamagetsi ndi zidutswa zowala ndi zolembera, simungakulepheretseni kukhala chida chabwino choyenera.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kuyatsa kuntchito ndikofunikira

Ngati mukupanga, mitundu yosavuta ngati imeneyi simungathe kukoma, koma zonse zili m'manja mwanu!

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Nyali zolengedwa zopangidwa ndi mapaipi a Polypropyylene

Mipando yabwino

Osachepera, tebulo ndi mpando (kapena wopondaponda) ndizofunikira, kuvomereza. Komabe, mu msonkhano kapena garaja, ambiri amakhala nthawi yambiri, komanso popanda mipando kumeneko, chabwino, palibe njira. Mwachitsanzo, izi ndi izi:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Zosavuta, koma mipando yabwino ndiyoyenera kuntchito kapena garaja

Ngakhale omwe akufuna kuwonjezerapo "chachikulu" - pa tchuthi chabwino komanso tchuthi chabwino. Mwachitsanzo, nayi mipando:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mipando yokhala omasuka

Koma popeza adalankhula za mipando, tiyeni tipite kunyumba kunja kwa garaja ndikuwona mtundu wa ma PVC kungatheke.

Malingaliro 5 a nyumba ya dziko

Osathamangira kutseka tsamba! Inde, ndikudziwa kuti malingaliro ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a polypropylene mu kapangidwe ka nyumba yawo ikuwoneka yachilendo komanso yosawoneka bwino. Koma ndikhulupirireni, pali malingaliro omwe muyenera kuyang'ana pang'ono.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Nyumba yanyumba mutha kupanga chinthu chachilendo kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC

Ndidasankha ku mitundu yonse yomwe idaperekedwa kwambiri yokhazikika kapena kwambiri (malingaliro anga,) njira zachilendo kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a PVC munyumba ya PVC.

Shirma ndi magawo

Cholinga chofananira chinali kumayambiriro kwa kusankhidwa pomwe kunali pafupi mipanda ndi ziwonetsero zamunda. Ndipo tsopano yang'anani, zingachitike bwanji mumtima mwake:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Zithunzi zowoneka bwino ndi magawo kuchokera ku mapaipi a PVC

M'malingaliro mwanga, zimayenera kukhala oyenera. Kuchokera pamapaipi amodzi kuti apange chophimba chosavuta, koma kuchokera mphete zamiyendo zingapo "zingwe" ndizosangalatsa, inde. Ndipo mutha kupangabe chonchi:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Mutha kutsatira chitoliro chopanda ma diameter okha, komanso ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana.

Njira yomwe yaperekedwa pa chithunzi kumanja silingafanane ndi mkati, koma ndikofunikira kuzindikira: lingaliro ndilosangalatsa ndipo limayenera chidwi.

Zokongoletsera zamkati

Ngati mwatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ntchito yayikulu, simungakhale pachiwopsezo, mutha kuyamba kuchita zigawo zazing'ono za zokongoletsera - chimango, gulu, etc. Tekinoloje ya kapangidwe kake ndi yofanana, koma kenako kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kocheperako, ndipo mutha kusankha njira yomwe siyifuna ma curtings m'derali, magwiridwe ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo:

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Musanasinthe ntchito zazikuluzikulu, mutha kuchita zinthu zazing'ono

Nthawi yomweyo ndipo simunena kuti zomwe zaluso izi zidathandizira mapaipi a polyprophene yomweyo, eti?

Nyali Yachilendo

Koma izi ndichifukwa chake sikuti kwa oyamba kumene - kum'pangitsa, timafunikira luso lina komanso nthawi yoyesera: Ndikukayika kuti zoyambirira zichitike. Koma zotsatira ...

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Nyale zachilendo zopangidwa ndi mapaipi akuluakulu

Monga mukuwonera, nyalizi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale garaja kapena malo ogulitsira (ngakhale, kusankha kwake kumatengera mawonekedwe a chipindacho, komanso mkati mwake chonse).

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kodi sizowona?

Inde, sizingakhale zophweka kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse lingaliro lotere, koma mwina adzalimbikitsa munthu, kenako ...

Kusunga Vinyo

Ndidalabadira ma rack awa, chifukwa nyengo yapitayi tinali ndi maunyolo: zipatso ndi zipatso zidapita kwambiri kotero kuti sizotheka kuthana nawo mwanjira ina iliyonse. Inde, mwachilengedwe, ndimayenera kuganiza za chipangizo cha Cellar yanga ...

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Kwa iwo omwe amazindikira vinyo wanyumba

Mwa njira, lingaliro la chipolopolo chopapatiza (monga momwe chithunzi kumanzere) itha kusinthidwa pazosowa zina - zigawo zoterezi zikhala zothandiza kukhitchini ndi bafa. Nuzeni zomwe zimatikhumudwitsa zomwezi - zovuta zomwe ndikuyeretsa: Umu ndi momwe fumbi limapukutira, chosangalatsa? ..

Khitchini trivia

Pobwerera ku misai yayitali yopanga zikwangwani zanyumba, ndikufuna ndikuwonetseni zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapazi a PVC kwa khitchini ya dziko. Zikuwoneka kuti, Trivia kwambiri, koma alendo aliwonse amadziwa kuti chilimbikitso komanso zinthu zina zimadalira "zolakwa" zoterezi.

Zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamapaipi a PVC ndi manja awo: Malingaliro 20 a kupatsa
Nthawi zina kuthekera kwa alendo kumatengera "zinthu zazing'ono" zoterezi

Monga mukuwonera, kuthekera kwa mapaipi a polypropylene ali pafupifupi. Koma posankha ndi gawo limodzi chabe la malingaliro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito! Ndikukhulupirira kuti sizinataye motalika kwambiri, simunakhale ndi nthawi yonenepa ndikupeza china chothandiza komanso chosangalatsa kwa inu. Ngati mukukhala ndi lingaliro lililonse, gawani zotsatira ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika, zivomerezo?

"Pakanema" - kanema wothandiza, pomwe njira yolumikizira mapaipi a PVC yokhala ndi chitsulo chapadera chimawonetsedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso momveka bwino. Chiwembuchi chingakhale chothandiza kwa iwo omwe sanakumanepo ndi izi.

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