Malinga ndi anthropologists, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimawonetsa anthu a homo sapiens (wanzeru) pamalo ambiri omwe akusandulika mwakula ndi malingaliro owoneka bwino. Cholinga chosagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimachitika komanso kuthekera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati mbali yosiyanitsa ndi mitundu ya munthu wina: Homo Sapmens Part - Munthu wanzeru.
Ndiye, nthabwala, koma mphamvu zopanda pake zimakupatsani mwayi wogwira ntchito zosangalatsa. Patsamba zathu pali zochitika zonse zosonyeza kuti pali mipando yosadziwika, yomwe ndi yosavuta kupanga ndi manja anu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pamwala, konkriti ndi kupanikizana. Kapenanso zosankha za mkati mwa kapangidwe kamene muli ndalama - mabotolo apulasitiki kapena mabokosi a Pack. Mafani aluso osachilendo adzawonjezeranso chinthu china kubanki ya nkhumba, osaphatikizidwa ndi mipando ya mipando.
Makatoni ngati gwero lazokonda
Kodi mwangokhala mwini nyumba kapena nyumba yatsopano, ndalama zonse zidapita kukakonza ndikukonza ndalama zatsopano zomwe sizinasiyidwe? Musakhumudwe, ndipo koposa zonse - musataye kunja mabokosi omwe mudaika zinthu zanu kukhala nyumba zatsopano.
Simungafunikire kugula makabati ndi magome ogona - makatoni onyamula ndi pepala amatha kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri pazopanga. Ndipo chifukwa chiyani opulumutsidwa amatanthauza kuti bwanji osalola phwandolo pamwambowu? Kapenanso, kapena njira ina, yopanda njira yosangalatsa.
Musakhulupirire zotheka kapena muziganizira mipando yochokera m'mabokosi a mitengo yopanda pake? Ndilonjeza kuti ndilingalire izi kwa onse omwe amadziwa bwino komanso odziwika bwino monga madamu kapena zolemba.
Mipando yamakono: Zochitika zamakono ndi mbiri
Opanga zinthu zamkati masiku ano amayang'anitsitsa mapepala m'mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana. Makamaka pachiwonetsero cha chilengedwe cha malo ojambula ochita kupanga amunthu ndikubwezeretsanso (kubweza zinyalala ndi nyumba zowononga zinthu zatsopano). Komabe, uku ndi kumene, monga ena ambiri - oletsedwa kale.
Pepala, ngakhale anali kufooka, kwakhala kogwiritsa ntchito si ntchito pokhapokha mabuku ndi ma statery. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumana ndi zida zankhondo zopangidwa ndi mapepala (masiku ano odziwika kuti papier-Masha) adalemba 2000s BC. Monga momwe ziyenera kuyembekezeredwa, mapepala a mapepala amenewo a yunifolomu yankhondo adapezeka ku China - kunyumba kwa pepala. Kuphatikiza pa zisoti ndi Law, Ma Miaer-Mache ogwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga mipando.
M'zaka za zana la XVII, ukadaulo uwu wakhala wofala ku Europe, komwe amapeza dzina lanthawi zonse. Misa ya ulusi wosakanizidwa ndi chinthu chomatira (mwachitsanzo, ndi wowuma) wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito poyambira matope a ziphatele ndi zovala, ziboliboli, zokongoletsera, nyambo zokongoletsera, nyambo zokongoletsera, nyambo zokongoletsera, nyambo zokongoletsera, nyambo zokongoletsera, nyambo). Kuphatikiza mipando.
Popita nthawi, njira yopangira zigawo kuchokera papap-Maha inali yovuta kwambiri. Thecodore Jennes anakakamiza kukakamizidwa, ndipo guluu la Henry lidalandira patent yopanga zinthu zopangidwa mu ng'anjo, chifukwa, malonda adapeza malo otsetsereka.
Theodore Jennes ndi John Betridge adakonza Jennens ndi Bettridge, adagula gululu ndi guluu la Henry. Othandizira amapanga mipando ndi zina zokongoletsa masha, omwe amasangalala kwambiri - malo ogulitsira makampani anali ku London ndi New York.
Mipando ya nentynens ndi Betridge imasiyanitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chokwezeka, chifukwa kuchokera papepala mikate mutha kupanga mawonekedwe aliwonse ovuta. Unakongoletsedwa ndi utoto woonda wa golide, wovomerezeka kuchokera kwa mayi wa peyala ndipo adakutidwa ndi zigawo zambiri za lamba ngati mipando ya lacquer ya China.
Ku Russia, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII, palinso mwambo wopanga zinthu kuchokera ku Papier-Mache. Mwinanso, aliyense amadziwa mabokosiwo, a fodya, ma perucks, okongoletsedwa ndi penti yaying'ono ya ambuye a phane, Fedoskino, Mbuyera, Holl, Holly.
Wopanga ntchito zamakono amagwira ntchito pa papier masha nawonso samangosiya kusayanjaka. Mwachitsanzo, magetsi angapo owoneka bwino kuchokera ku Studio ya Intraceal Intraceal.
Mipando yamapepala ndizosavuta
Mukadauzidwa ndi zitsanzo za mbiri yakale komanso zopanga za kupanga pepala mkati mwa pepala, ndi nthawi yoti mudziwe ukadaulo. Palibe chovuta mmenemo - mudzakhala otsimikiza za icho, poyang'ana vidiyo yotsatira.Malangizo atatu opanga mapepala amatha kusiyanitsidwa.
1. Papier-Masha
Ndi pepala-Masha, ambiri amadziwa maphunziro antchito kusukulu ya pulaimale. Dzina la ukadaulo (Papier papier mâché) amatanthauziridwa kuti ndi "pepala lolemera". Zinyalala zilizonse zamapepala ndizoyenera monga zopangira - kuchokera m'manyuzipepala akale ku ma makatoni kuchokera ku mazira (omwe, mwa njirayi amapangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Papier-Lite).
Pali mitundu iwiri ya malapie-macheji: Mapepala Age. Kuchokera papepala mikate mutha kupukutidwa, zokongoletsera zokongoletsera, zinthu, ndikudzaza mafomu osiyanasiyana. Kupuma ndi kutsatira zomwe zafotokozedwazo zimakulolani kuti mupereke malonda amtundu uliwonse.
Mutha kupanga chinthu chonsecho kuchokera ku mapepala. Ngati mukufuna kupanga pepala lonse, musaiwale za mawuwo: Zachidziwikire, zophwanyidwa, zosakanizidwa ndi zigawo, zinthu zolimba, koma zopanga pansi pa mpando sizili zoyenera. Mu njira yachiwiri (yosanjikiza-ndi-yopanda zidutswa zazing'ono) nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito njira zoletsedwa.
Zogulitsa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mapepala zimakonzedwa mosavuta - wopukutidwa, wowuma, wodulidwa. Zinthu zochokera pa papier-mache zitha kupakidwa utoto, malinga ndi zigawenga, gwiritsani ntchito thumba komanso loviika. Altilayer yothirira varnish ipanga mapepala mipando yopanda mapepala komanso yolimbana ndi katundu wamakina.
2. Cardboard Altilayer Plates
Mwambiri, njirayi imatha kumveka kuchokera pamwambawa. Kuchokera pamapepala, "bolodi" yofunikira makulidwe amalembedwanso - zigawozi zimasamutsidwa wina ndi mnzake, monga popanga plywood.
Monga papier-masha, kakhadi kakang'ono ka kamangidwe kambiri kamakupatsani mwayi kuti mupange mipando yamitundu yambiri, nthawi yomweyo kukhalabe olimba mokwanira. Mipando yotere imapangidwanso mosavuta ndikukongoletsedwa, koma ena amakonda khola la chilengedwe, kuwona kukongola kwa zinthuzo mu bulauni komanso kovomerezeka.
3. Makatoni Ortiodi
Ngati m'njira ziwiri kukhala njira zolumikizira - chinthu chovomerezeka, ndiye kuti izi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwanjira inayake yopindidwa imakhala yolimba kwambiri kukhala mpando, sofa kapena tebulo la ofesi.
Kuti mupeze mipando yochokera ku Papier-Mache kapena makatoni a kalasi ya kagawo kambiri, mutha kutenga zinyalala. Makatoni Ordiordi-mipando amafunikira zatsopano za kachulukidwe kake ndi kulondola kwa kupanga. Kupatula apo, malonda, poyamba, ayenera kugonja ndi katundu (makatoni owonda samagwirizana pano), ndipo chachiwiri, pamwamba pake ndi zolembedwa zosiyanasiyana komanso zolembedwa zokulirapo ndipo zolembedwazi sizibisidwa.
Matope a makatoni ndi machubu oluka nyuzipepala
Kulongosola mwayi kwa pepala ngati zida zophika zopanga mipando ndi manja anu, ndizosatheka kudutsa ndi matope ozungulira kuchokera kuzinthu zonse zokutira ndi machubu a nyuzipepala.
Zachidziwikire, ma cylinder ochokera kumapiri ali ofewa kwambiri komanso yaying'ono, koma maziko ochokera ku mapepala a Wallpaper, linoleum kapena kapeti ndioyenera mipata ya mipata. Zitha kupezeka kuti sizingapezeke ngati mukugwirizana ndi sitolo yakomweko. Mwa njira, zitsamba zamiyendo zosiyanasiyana zitha kungogula kuchuluka kopanda malire.
Kuluka kuchokera ku machubu owerengera ndi masewera otchuka. Kuchokera pazinthu zabwino (nyuzipepala yakale), mutha kupanga mipando, yomwe, itapaka utoto kapena wokutira, wopusa sangataye mwazikhalidwe, rattan. Master, kupanga zaluso zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kumachubu a pepala, ndi tsamba lathu. Ndikukhulupirira kuti anena za zovuta za singano iyi ndikumachita zithunzi.
Ndikuganiza kuti ndinakwanitsa kuwonetsa nkhani yodziwika bwino yochokera kumete yachilendo. Vomerezani, mipando yamapepala ndi yachilendo komanso yachilendo, ndipo mosavuta komanso yopezeka.
