Sikuti zonse zofunika padziko lapansi zinali zopangidwa kapena zopangidwa mwachindunji. Manja ena a manja a anthu omwe amapindula, kusangalala, kusintha kapena kukhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri, sikunathe ntchito ya asayansi ndipo sanawonekere mwangozi. Ndikukupatsani zinthu 10 zotere.
Oundani
Woyambitsa: Frank Eperson
M'malo mwake, Epperon wazaka 11 samangotulutsa zachilendo mu msika wamsewu wa mumsewu, komanso adayamba wolemba chinsinsi choyamba padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi nthano, madzulo, mnyamatayo adayiwalira pa kapu ya kapu yokhala ndi koloko (inali yozizira), ndi WOHADE ALIYENSE AMAKHALA mugalasi, yomwe ufa wa soda umasunthidwa m'madzi. Zaka 18 pambuyo pake, mu 1923, wachinyamatayu adagwiritsa ntchito pabizinesi ndikutsegula malondawo m'makono. Chaka china pambuyo pake, munthu wolemera pa "Epyyclach" wake "wa Epyyclach" wake. Pambuyo kugulitsa patent mu 1928, a E28on adalandira zochotsa pa "Ppantcent" iliyonse ku United States; Podzafika mu 1983, pomwe chizindikirocho chidagulira chakudya chachikulu padziko lonse lapansi chokhala ndi "siluzu", mtengo wake unakwana $ 155 miliyoni.
Guluu wapamwamba
Woyambitsa: Harry Potover
Panthawi ya Chimtunda wachiwiri wa Dziko Lapansi ku America, Yutver, yemwe adatsogolera gulu lofufuzira "Eastman Kodak", adayamba kuchitika Chimodzi chimodzi mwa zoyesererazo, gulu lonselo lenileni "hp" mu chinthu, chifukwa cha superculam. Podzafika mu 1958, guluu lidamasulidwa kukhala lalikulu; Kwa zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, kuver adatenga nawo mbali pakupanga mitundu ina pafupifupi 320. thabwa kuunikira mabala ndi zingwe zopangira opaleshoni; Ndipo pofika nthawi yaimfa ya wasayansi mu 2011, analibe matimu 460.
Sunden utoto
Woyambitsa: William Henry Perkin
"Katswiri wina wosachita bwino" nthawi ino kuchokera ku UK - zaka zingapo adayesetsa kupeza ... mankhwala ochokera ku malungo. Zotsatira zake, mu 1856 chaka cha 1856, kafukufukuyu adatsogolera kuti apatsidwe utoto woyambirira wa dziko lapansi, ndi percin, usakhale wopusa, mwachangu adapanga. Posakhalitsa adatsegula fakitale pafupi ndi London, ndipo pofika mu 1862 Chovala chofiirira cha 1862 chofala kotero kuti mfumukazi ya Victoria idawoneka mu zovala zojambulidwa ndi Sumun. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti chisangalalocho mwachangu chisanachitike, pasanathe zaka zosakwana 10 perin amatha kupeza mamiliyoni, mu 60s adagulitsa fakitaleyo ndipo kenako adadzipereka kuti afufuze.
Tevomezi
Woyambitsa: Roy Plaskett
Kuzindikira kwina kunachitika chifukwa chakuiwalika ndi kutentha pang'ono usiku. American roy plackett adayesa ndi gase popanga zinthu zozizira. Mwangozi, kusiya chimodzi mwa zitsanzo mumsewu, m'mawa, plackett tazindikira kuti chinthucho chinawumitsidwa ndikusanduka mawonekedwe a sera. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka adadzetsa kuti mu 1945, kampani yomwe plasket idagwira ntchito, tency ndipo idayamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito popanga mitundu yambiri ya zinthu (kuchokera ku zitsulo mbale) zokutira kumbuyo. Mpaka pano, kupangidwa kumabweretsa wolemba komanso kwa mabiliyoni opanga; Omaliza, mwa njira, amakhala ndi malo a 3 mdziko lapansi osewera amphiri.
Wophika pulasitiki
Woyambitsa: Leo Hendrik Baklakan
Polimer Tonlite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zapanyumba, zamagetsi ndi mbale. Sizisungunuka, sikugwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kugonjetsedwaku, kukakamizidwa, mikangano, ndi yotsekera Engineering ndi kupanga zida ndi kupanga ukadaulo wamagetsi (mafoni, zitsulo, zitsulo, ma stracker, chesi, ndi chikumbutso, etc.).
Komabe, poyambirira Baklan amayang'ana chinthu chosiyana kwambiri - mmalo mmalo mwachilengedwe Schorlac, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma varnissis ndi utoto. Shellac imasunthanso kwakuthupi, koma nthawi yomweyo imawotchedwa mwangwiro. Popeza anali atalandira zophika, yemwe anali mnzake wa ku Belgian nthawi yomweyo anapha awiri nthawi imodzi - anapeza zomwe anali kuyang'ana, ndipo nthawi yomweyo polymer ndi pulasitiki yoyamba ya dziko lapansi. Mu 1910, Mombala adalirira adapeza, adapanga kampaniyo "baktelit" ndikuwonjezera mamiliyoni mamiliyoni a madola ake kwa iye komanso popanda iye yekha.
Petulo
Woyambitsa: Robert Chizbro
Mu 1859th, katswiri wazaka 22 wazaka 22 adabwera ku Pennsylvania kuyesa dzanja lake m'makampani amafuta. M'masiku amodzi okongola m'lingaliro lililonse, adapeza chinthu chomata pansi pa madzi dzuwa, omwe mafuta owoneka bwino amatchedwa parafini kapena "mapulagi a sera" ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa. Thukuta lolowera Trasebro adayamba kuona naye, adaphunzirapo kuti achotse zomwe zilipo kuchokera pamenepo. Mu 1872, adapanga ma vozaline komanso kupanga mavu, pofika zaka za m'ma 1870s adatsegula maofesi ku London, Paris ndi Barcelona, ndipo mu 1911, mbewu za Chizbro zinali kale mu Europe ndi Africa. Pofika nthawi, mu 1987, kampaniyo idapeza zonse zomwezi, "wosagwirizana", adabweretsa ndalama zoposa $ 75 miliyoni.
Ofulili
Woyambitsa: Joseph Mcvicker
Asanakhale imodzi mwamagulu omwe amakonda kwambiri ana, pulasitiki adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka 22 monga ... zida zoyeretsa zopangira mapepala. Komabe, mu 1954, mpongozi wamkazi wa Joe McViker - wogwira ntchito wopanga pulasitiki - adatenga chidutswa cha mtundu wa Kingrgarten, komwe adagwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi kuti awonetse izo kwa ana. Sugupiyo zinadzetsa chidwi chotere ndi ana, chomwe, nditakhala nkhani ya mpongozi wake, Mcvicker adazindikira kuti ndi iye wotsatsa ndi kunenedwa ndi utsogoleri wake. Kutseguka mu zokambirana za kampaniyo, katswiri wazamankhwala amakayikitsa utoto wosiyanasiyana wa amondi, zomwe zimaperekedwa pamtengo wa $ 1.5 pamphepete (nthawi yomweyo) zochulukitsa zaka zinayi komanso zaka zinayi Kuchokera madola okwana 100,000 mpaka 3 miliyoni mu 1960 adasiyana ndi kampani yayikulu ndikukhala mwini fakitale yake; B1964-M macavicer adagulitsa ndikupanga $ 18 miliyoni.
Zomata "positi"
Woyambitsa: Arthur mwachangu
Maganizo a Mulungu amatsika Lamlungu m'mawa wa 1973, pomwe amaimba kutchalitchi koir. Masanjidwe a wolemba nyimbo amangodumphadumpha, kotero woyimbira wosayera adawomberedwa kuchokera m'mawu ndipo adakakamizidwa kukonzanso tsamba lamanja. Ndipo kenako adakumbukira semina ya woyambitsa-penshoni wowonera masiku angapo apitawa: siliva adauzidwa kuti adalandira chinthu chomata, koma kufikira atamupeza kuti agwiritse ntchito malonda. Ndipo mwachangu adapeza. Zowona, njira yopanga, kufufuza kafukufuku ndi kukhazikitsa popanga mapangidwe kunatenga pafupifupi zaka 8, koma zotsatira zake ndizoyenera. Mpaka pano, pafupifupi mabatani pafupifupi 6 biliyoni amagulitsidwa pachaka; Kampani yopanga imatulutsa mitundu pafupifupi 400 ya zomata ndi malembawa ndikuwagulitsa m'maiko opitilira 100 padziko lonse lapansi.
Microwave
Woyambitsa: Percy Spencer
Kuyesera ndi chipangizocho pozindikira ndege ya adani, injini ya ku American Enginer Percy Spencer adasungunuka mwangozi chokoleti m'thumba mwake. Atazindikira msanga kuti ma vidiaro radiation adalembedwa, ndikupitiliza kufufuza zinthu zawo pazakudya zina. Pakuwonetsa zowonetsera zotseguka, zowona zomwe zimaphulika mazira kangapo, kukonzekera mizu yotentha, ndipo pakutha kwa uvuni wa microwave ndikupereka zabwino. Chaka chatha, motero Scoonn Retuver ndiye kontrakitala wamkulu kwambiri wa dipatimenti yaku US yoteteza komanso wopanga ma microfeve - adakwana $ 25 biliyoni; Sepee Spencer imakhala ndi gawo la Purezidenti Wachisanu ndi Wapampando wa gulu la otsogolera.
Lipicca Clasp
Woyambitsa: George de Mestern
Mu 1941, m'mawa ukulanda m'mudzi wa Swiss Swissge, wasayansi George de Mesadral nthawi yayitali ndikuwabowola zojambulazo za mathalauza amasewera. Chidwi "cha" Pontpol "ya mbewuyi, maluwa oyang'anira omwe amaphunzira pansi pa maikulosikopu ndikupeza kuti kuthekera kwa microscopic hooks, omwazikana pamwamba. Kukhala opulumutsa m'minda ingapo yasayansi, de Mester anayamba kukulitsa zinthu zatsopano, ndipo zaka khumi zomwe zinali zoyambirira za Velcro idawonekera. Komabe, kuti adziwe kutchuka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, Swiss yafunikira kale pafupifupi zaka 20: kumayambiriro kwa 70s, velcro adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a NASA, ndipo zogulitsa zomwe zidayamba Kukula nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi mkazi wa nyimbo za kumapeto kwa malingaliro, zaka 30 zapitazi adakhala ndi kudyetsa banja lawo patenti kuchokera ku chinthu chake.
Chiyambi