Ndimakhala ndi mafunso ambiri okhudza kusankha kwa makoma a nyumba yanyumba, kotero tiyeni tilingalirenso mwatsatanetsatane funsoli ndikupezanso njira inayake yowonjezera. Ili ndiye chinthu chabwino kwambiri chonyamula nyumba zopangira pansi. Ngati mukufuna kupeza nyumba yayikulu ", ndiye kuti mulibe zosankha. Ndipo chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti nyumba yokhazikika yolumikizira imatha kukhala yabwino kwambiri ngati mulibe kulumikizidwa pamsewu waukulu wamafuta. Ndipo zonsezi ndizotheka popanda kuyika kwina!
Zopeka? Ayi, sayansi ya sayansi ndi yopanda chinyengo. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndidapanga nyumba yotere ndipo ndidakonzeka kuuza ena zokumana nazo zamakono zogwirira ntchito magetsi, zomwe zimatenthedwa ndi magetsi okha.
Pita!
Munkhaniyi timangoganizira nyumba zazikulu zamiyala. Mwachilengedwe, pali usilikali wamagwiridwe antchito, koma tiyang'ana pa zinthu zina.
Konkriti Yoyeserera Yosasinthika Yosasinthika Yomwe Maukadaulo a Maukadaulo kuposa, mwachitsanzo, geotextile kapena yowonjezera polystyrene chithovu. Mbiri ya konkriti yamutu imayamba ndi 30s ya zaka 30 zapitazi, motero zinthuzo zatha kale kuyesedwa kwa nyengo yosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti palibe konkriti iliyonse yomwe ingawonekere mphamvu , kotero ndikofunikira kulabadira za machitidwe enieni kuchokera pazopanga zina.
Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zoyipa zazikulu, zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito pa netiweki. Kuwonongeka kwa kusaphwanya ukadaulo sikungakhale ndi mphamvu yokwanira komanso kutentha kukana. Chifukwa chake udzakhala ndi zabwino zosiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi njerwa wamba. Mfundo yachiwiri ndi yofunika kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukadaulo mukamagwira ntchito ndi konkriti yolumikizidwa.
Zakhala zikudziwika kuti zokambirana zokhudzana ndi ukadaulo sizotsika mtengo, koma mwachangu. Tsoka ilo, ambiri amakonda kusokoneza ukadaulo, kenako ndikugonjetsa zovuta zokhala ndi nthawi, komanso ndalama. Kupatula apo, zikuwonekeratu kuti zinthu zabwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosemphana ndi ukadaulo sizibweretsa chilichonse chabwino.
Chifukwa chake, tenga chitsanzo chomwe nyumba yanga ndidamanga mu 2012. Ili ndi nyumba yayikulu pamtunda wamaziko okhala ndi makhoma okhazikika ndi ozizira kwambiri ndi padenga lathyathyathya. Adatumizidwa mu 2014. Kwa munthu aliyense, ndikofunikira kuti nyumbayo ndi yotsika mtengo pomanga ndi zachuma pakugwira ntchito. Sindinenso pano. Chifukwa chake, chofunikira kwambiri posankha zinthu zopangira makoma ndikusanja kutentha. Kupatula apo, ngati khomalo lizizira, ndingotentha msewu. Ndipo uku ndikuchulukitsa kwa mphamvu ndi kuzizira mnyumba (mwanga kusowa kwa mpweya waukulu kuphatikiza malire a mphamvu zamagetsi zopangidwa mu STT).
Chifukwa chake, ndidasankha zabwino zonse zamatekinoloji - khoma limodzi lopangidwa ndi ytong fnity d400 ndi makulidwe 375 mm. Masowa adachita mozama molingana ndi ukadaulo wokhala ndi mbewa iliyonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito guluu lapadera lomanga (laling'ono la kukula kwa ski - kutayika pang'ono kutentha). Mwachilengedwe, ndinapumula jumper pazenera ndi chitseko, komanso kuzungulira kwa onolithic porlap. Ndimasamalanso kupezeka kwa malo otseguka pazenera.
Kunja kwa khoma kumangophatikizidwa ndi simenti marmic othanitsira pulasitala ndi makulidwe 10 mm ndipo ndikukutidwa ndi simenti yoyera (komabe sindipeza nthawi yojambula makhoma).
Mkati mwa nkhani yofananira: makoma amapakidwa ndi wowonda (6 mm) wa pulasitala wa pulasitiki, HigCigCyns ndi penti. Poganizira za kuti mabatani a konkire ali ndi mawonekedwe angwiro - izi zidapangitsa kuti zisagwedezeke (mwachitsanzo, ngati makhomawo anali a njerwa ndi makulidwe a 2 cm) komanso ntchito yosavuta. Konkriti yokhazikika imakonzedwa mosavuta ndipo khoma limatha kuyikidwa kuti wamagetsi wamagetsi wokhala ndi zolaula.
Ma Wallpaper amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malizani ofunda, makoma opaka utoto kapena matailosi (m'bafa). Konkriti yokhazikika ikadali yovuta kwambiri chifukwa ndikosavuta kupachika kena kake. Mwachitsanzo, yesani kupenyetsa msomali m'khoma njerwa kuti mupachike chithunzi. Popanda kubowola / zojambulajambula, simudzapambana pachilichonse, ndipo mutha kuyika misomali pachida cholondola, ndipo chidzathetseretse ma kilogalamu ochepa popanda mavuto (popentana kwa izi kuposa zokwanira). Ankafuna kuchotsa chithunzicho kumalo atsopano - amangotulutsa msomali, ndipo pakhoma udzakhalabe dzenje lopanda ukwati ndi 1-2 mm. Ndipo mu khoma la njerwa padzakhala phokoso lokhala ndi mainchesi 5-7 mm. Ngati tikulankhula za kusintha kwa zinthu zolemera, ndiye kuti zonse ndizosavuta pano. Makamaka poyerekeza ndi njerwa yopanda tanthauzo yomwe manguya amagwirizira angagwiritse ntchito. Kwa konkriti yoyeserera, pali mapepala apadera kapena ma dubersel a Universal (ndipo iwo ndi ena amagulitsidwa mu malo ogulitsira) Khitchini seti, masitepe a padenga ndi zinthu zina zolemera.
Zotsatira zake, ndili ndi malire am'munsi, amateteza modalirika voliyumu yamkati kuchokera kuzizira. Mayeso ogwiritsa ntchito ndege amawonetsa kuti nyumbayo imasindikizidwa ndipo, chifukwa chake, palibe ming'alu yowunikira. Khoma la konkriti la Aeluted padziko lonse lapansi limakhala lopaka ndi kunja, ndipo kuchokera mkati, lomwe limachotsa kwathunthu kuyeretsa m'maso. Ndipo ili ndiye ndalama zotsogola kwambiri pamagetsi.
Konkriti yoyeserera imatha kuchepetsedwa popanda mavuto (ngati mwasankha mwadzidzidzi kupanga nyumba ya polar), kapena mumalize kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito nkhope. Koma njira yofunika kwambiri ya konkriti yokhazikika ndikuti imaphatikiza mawonekedwe ofunikira awiri: mphamvu yovuta komanso yopanda pake. Konkriti yokhazikika imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'makoma onyamula mailosi asanu (!) Nyumba, pomwe ikhala ndi mawonekedwe a kutentha kuposa konkriti kapena njerwa.
Ndipo apa zikuwonekeratu kuti simenti kapena njerwa palibe mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pomanga pang'ono. Chifukwa ndi yayitali, okwera mtengo komanso ozizira. Apa tiyeni titenge nyumba yanga mwachitsanzo ndikuganizira za mtengo wanga nditakhala kuti ndachokera ku njerwa.
Koma musanayambe ndi kuwerengetsa zomwe ndikufuna kukuwonetsani chithunzi chochokera ku Phunziro la Mafuta (muwone lipotilo lathunthu pabulogu), lomwe ndidachita mu Januwale chaka chatha, pomwe panali kutentha -15 Celsius. Samalani nyumba yomwe ili kumbuyo. Tsopano sitichita chidwi ndi zomwe zimamangidwa (makamaka, kuchokera ku ma slag midadada ndi zotsekemera ndi thovu). Tili ndi chidwi ndi chakuti nyumba iyi siyigwira ntchito ndipo osatenthetsa nthawi yonse yozizira. Ndipo kutsogolo, muwona nyumba yanga yotenthedwa. Ndipo kokha pa chithunzi chochokera pa chithunzi chochokera pa mafuta opangira mawindo omwe angamveke kuti ndi choncho. Samalani ndi kuwongolera kwa konkriti yolumikizira konkriti ndi kusataya kwa kutentha kulikonse m'makoma. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kutsegula Yandex Kusaka zithunzi ndikuwona momwe amapezera nyumba zotenthetsera. Apa, nyumba yanga siyikhala kuchokera ku malo ozungulira.
Tsopano tikupita ku kuwerengera kwa kutentha kosasinthika. Sindidzakutumizirani ndi njira zovuta, timaganizira komanso ndizomveka. Chifukwa chake, poyambira, tengani deta ya magwero, ndipo osati ababy, ndi lipoti la mayeso, otsimikiziridwa ndi chisindikizo cha malo ofufuzira. Ndiloleni ndikukumbutseni kuti ndimagwiritsa ntchito ma d400 a D400 mabatani okhala ndi makulidwe a 375 mm.
Koma chithunzi cha kutaya kutentha, komwe muyenera kuyesetsa. Zikuwoneka bwino pano kuti kuwonongeka kwamitundu yotentha kumawonjezera zinthu zitatu zazikulu:
1. Windows ndi zitseko;
2. Makoma;
3. Kudumphira (pansi / denga).
Nthawi yomweyo, malo ozizira kwambiri m'nyumba iliyonse amakhala ndi mawindo nthawi zonse ndipo sikuti kulikonse kopita, lero mawindo abwino kwambiri amachepetsa kukana kutentha kofanana ndi 1.05. Koma makoma a nyumba zomangidwa m'chigawo chapakati (Moscow Dera) ayenera kukhala ndi kutentha kosatha kwa kutentha kofanana ndi 2.99 (m ²) / W. Ndipo zindikirani kuti kutentha kwakukulu kuyenera kukhala padenga.
Koma tsopano sitikulankhula za mawindo ndi kuwonjezeka, koma za makoma. Chifukwa chake, kuti nyumba yathu iyankhe njira zamakono zamakono, kukana kwa kusamutsa kwa makoma sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 3.0. Mwachitsanzo, timagwiritsa ntchito zowerengera izi ndi zogwirizira kuchokera pa protocol yomwe ili pamwambapa. Ndipo timapeza izi
Kukana kutentha kwa mawonekedwe ozungulira [R] = 3.57
Chabwino, tionananso: Lizani chiwerewere cha zomangati (seams), malo otsetsereka ndi ngodya. Lolani kusamutsidwa kutentha kwa kutentha kumayamba kukhala ofanana ndi 3.28. Ndipo ili ndi khoma la konkriti, osaganizira zowonjezera za pulasitala kuchokera mkati ndi kunja. Ndiye kuti, zenizeni, kusamutsa kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu.
Mwachitsanzo, timatenga zomanga za njerwa za kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka 1800 kg / m³ pa simenti-Sandy yankho. Ndi makulidwe a khoma 375 mm, kukana kwake kusamutsidwa ndi kutentha kumakhala kokha 0,62! Ino ndi pafupifupi nthawi 6 "ozizira" kuposa kugona kwa ma clack a konkriti. Ndiye kuti, mphamvu ya mphamvu ya khoma la njerwa iyenera kukhala ndi makulidwe oposa 2 metres. Mukumvetsa kuti izi ndi zopanda pake ndipo palibe amene adzamanga makulidwe amtunduwu pakupanga kochepa. Chifukwa chake liyenera kupanga khoma la njerwa kukhala theka la njerwa, kenako zidzawonjezera. Ndipo mutatha kuperewera, zimangoganiza za momwe mungasungire kumaliza kumaliza ntchito. Ndiye kuti, tikamakayikira njira yomanga.
Ndi za zovuta za Maningry, mfundo yoti mafuta amodzi (625x250x375 mm) mu voliyumu ndi njerwa 20 (250x120x65 mm) Ndipo pofuna kuyika njerwa 20, pafupifupi zidebe 1.5-2 za yankho lidzafunikira (ngati kuli kokwanira kugwirira ntchito ndi konkriti yothetsera mita, njira yothetsera vutoli kuti ikhale ma cridack oposa 20. Ndiye chuma chonse cha njerwa. Ndiye kuti, pomanga nyumba ya njerwa mumangochulukitsa kwambiri.
Koma matani ambiri amayamba pakugwira ntchito. Gwiritsani ntchito nyumba yopanda mafuta ngati mulibe "wopanda malire" ndi gwero lotsika mtengo (mafuta akulu) sangakhale wosatheka, chifukwa Mulibe zokwanira kuchuluka kwa magetsi odzipereka (muyezo 15 kw).
Ngati khoma la nyumba yanu litakhazikitsidwa mu malamulo omwe alipo pamoto kukana, ndiye kuti mudzakwaniritsa nyumba yopangidwa ndi miyala popanda zovuta mothandizidwa ndi magetsi.
Mapeto ake ndi achidziwikire - ntchito yotsika kwambiri - yomanga ikuluikulu yotsika, njira zina konkriti yokhazikika siili. Nthawi yomweyo, ngati tikambirana kufunika kotsiriza kwa nyumba yophimbayo, ikupezeka kuti njira yothetsera vutoli ndiyotsika mtengo chabe, komanso pakugwira ntchito.
P.S. Zachidziwikire, musaiwale kuti mphamvu yanyumbayi si makoma a nyumbayo, komanso mawindo / zitseko, maziko ndi kupitirira (padenga). Ndipo, zoona, mpweya wokwanira. Pokhapokha pochita zinthu zonse, nyumbayo imatha kuonedwa ngati mphamvu yothandiza.
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