Ina amfani da mutane da yawa da suka saba da abubuwa da yawa da muke da su da yawa daga inda waɗannan abubuwan suka bayyana waɗanda suka ƙirƙira waɗanda suka ƙirƙira ɗaukacin da aka fara amfani da shi, yadda suka fara ba da su.
Auki kwandishan. Mutane suna rayuwa fiye da yawancin yankin Rasha, wannan kayan aikin gida na iya zama kamar wani nau'in alatu - ba shakka jin daɗin kwandishan, amma zaka iya yi ba tare da shi ba. Amma ga Amurka, lokacin iska ya zama na'urar tare da ƙasar da ta canza. Yana da al'ada a faɗi game da yanayin iska, kamar yadda na'urorin sanyaya iska, amma tasirin bayyanar da su ya fi yawa alama. Godiya ga kwandishan, gine-ginen gine-gine, mazaunin mutane da yadda suke zaune. Ana iya faɗi cewa kwandishan ya haifar da rayuwar rayuwar Amurkawa ta zamani.
Kafin fitowar na'urorin sanyaya na inji, mutane koyaushe ne ƙirƙira abubuwa daban-daban don yadda ake rage yawan zafin jiki a cikin gidansu. Abin takaici, yawancinsu basu da inganci ko tsada sosai. Ana amfani da kankara mai ƙarfi, amma, kamar yadda kuka fahimta, ya zama dole don siyan kullun, wanda ba duka don aljihun ba. Ana haƙa kankara a cikin wannan lokacin da aka daskarar da ke cikin daskararre kuma ya ba da damar a cikin ƙasashen Caribbean, da maɗaukaki yawan tsire-tsire da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin garuruwa sun kasance a bakin manyan wuraren ruwis. Bugu da kari, mutane ba su da sauri sosai don motsawa cikin jihohin da ke cikin kudancin da ke da zafi. Ciki har da sabili da haka, kusan dukkanin manyan biranen Amurkan sun gina su a kan kwanciyar hankali don rayuwa a arewacin arewacin Amurka.
Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci. Texas, 1939.
Dubi kowane hoto na New York a farkon karni na 20: Megapolis da aka gina tare da manyan gine-gine, da kuma hanyoyin samar da ruwa, da yawa daga cikin aikin jama'a, ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ƙasa Daga cikin Metro, makarantar, ɗakunan karatu, da sauransu, da sanyaya a cikin zafi bazara watanni sun sami kawai tare da taimakon wani kankara, taga bude, da kuma wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari, rayuwa ta rikita da trades sosai a lokacin. Dogon riguna a cikin mata, kayayyaki da huluna na tilas a cikin maza. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa mutane da yawa suna smelled sosai.
Andrews takarda Co. A cikin lokutan bazara, Washington, 1917.
Aikin kwandader ya canza tsarin gine-ginen Amurka. Musamman ma ya shafi ginin mai zaman kansa. Kafin bayyanarta ta hanyar ginin, irin wadannan kayan kamar dutse da kuma bulo ana amfani dashi, wanda ya riƙe ya ninka da sanyi da sanyi. Azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan sun yi girma sosai saboda iska mai zafi tana tafiya ta gaba, barin mazaunan dangi a ƙasa. Magoya bayan rufin daga baya sun taimaka wajen sanya iska mai dumi a lokacin bazara kuma ta rage shi a lokacin hunturu.
Office Pattenton a 1912. Daga na'urorin sanyaya kawai magoya bayan magoya baya a bangon.
An gina gidaje masu zaman kansu galibi labarin biyu. Haka kuma, ɗakunan dakuna sun kasance koyaushe a saman benaye kuma sun yi amfani da su kawai da daddare, buɗe windows ɗin taga. Duk rayuwar ta faru a farkon bene. Windows ɗin ya yi idan zai yiwu daga kowane ɓangare na ginin don busa ɗakunan cikin gida. Fiye da gidan intanet na bude Windows na musamman, wanda ya inganta wurare dabam dabam a cikin ɗakuna.
Ginin gidaje a Washington, gundumar Columbia. 1920.
Daga gefen kudu na gidan, bishiyoyi sun haifar da inuwa koyaushe. Haka kuma, a lokacin bazara sun bauta wa shingaye don hasken rana, kuma a cikin hunturu, lokacin da ganyen suka kasance, akasin ya wuce su a cikin dakin. Mafi damuwa da yadudduka shimfidar shimfidar titunan birni, waɗanda aka dasa tare da rawanin ƙwayar cuta, wanda ya ba da inuwa mai kyau. Gine-ginen sun yi amfani da tasirin gine-ginen, yana yin matakala a bude da jan iska mai zafi ta hanyarsu kuma a kan titi. Kadan farfajiya ya hura bishiyoyi, tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire kuma suna da nasa aikin. Tare da taimakon budewa da rufe wasu wurare da ƙofofi zuwa gidan sun fito daga cikin iska mai sanyi daga gida ya tafi waje da iska mai zafi daga ɗakin. Windows rufe ta rufe, ko kuma m labulen don hana dumama ganuwar dakin da kayan daki daga zafin rana. Gidaje sun zama dole babbar terrace ta rufe wacce suka yi barci yayin watanni masu zafi.
Gidan a Georgia, 1944.
Mazaunan birane sun yi muni. A lokacin tsananin zafi, sun sami ceto a cikin biranen birane da duk wadatar da ke akwai. Baƙi sun cika. Dole ne su yi barci a kan matakala ko kuma a kan titi.
Yara yi wanka a Tsakiya filin shakatawa, 1944.
Jerin gwano don kankara mara kyau a lokacin days. New York, 1900.
An yi niyyar kashe gobara a cikin New York ba kawai don kashe wutar ba, har ma don kwantar da mazaunanta.
Yara suna wanka cikin ruwa daga sanyaya. New York, 1939.
Tsoffin gine-ginen tsofaffin ci gaba suna da hadaddun por ko n for, saboda haka dukkan ɗakunan suna da matsakaicin adadin windows a ciki. Har zuwa 40s, windows daga cikin sararin samaniya na New York York Skyscramprapers suna rufe dakin daga hasken rana kai tsaye, kuma magoya baya da yawa a ciki, tarwatse da rigar iska.
Faɗari, 1909.
Yawancin biranensu a Kudancin da birane da yawa a arewacin Amurka sun mutu yayin watannin bazara. Mutane sun koma rayuwa a wasu wurare. Da yawa suna tuki a kan teku, tekun da aka gina gida gida-otal. Babban birnin Amurka a cikin watannin bazara ya zama garin fatalwa.
Toshe a cikin taga ba shi da sharadi, amma wani fure na musamman jariri.
Domin a kalla mutane masu sanyi, mutane a shirye suke su hau don awoyi biyu don hawa motocin motoci biyu-storey tare da bude ko trams, windows wannene ko dai.
Yara lick kankara a lokacin zafi zafi na 1911.
Wani mutum wanda ya canza Amurka shi ne dan wasan mai shekaru 25, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a Buffalo forge kamfanin daga Buffalo, New York. Ka warware matsalar matsanancin zafin jiki a cikin ginin buga takardun buga takardu a 1902, ya tattara kuma ya sanya a cikin ginshikan na'urar ya zama na farko a tarihin kwandishan. Amma ba karamin shinge bane wanda muka saba a yau, amma babbar inji ya mamaye kusan duk ginshiki. A cikin wannan shekarar 1902, tsarin aikin na iska ya ba da umarnin musayar hannun jari na New York, wanda ya sanya shi ba zai magance matsalolin samarwa ba, kuma don jin daɗin ma'aikata aiki a cikin ginin. Ci gaba da shi ya tafi, ya tafi. Ginin ofishin farko tare da tsarin kwandishan shine Ermor Bilding a cikin Kansas, Missouri, kuma kowane dakin da aka sanye shi da na thermostat.
Willis mai ɗaukar hoto tare da kwakwalwarsa.
Na'urar farko don sanyaya gidan mai zaman kansa ya bayyana a 1914. Ba shi yiwuwa a zama mai ɗorewa. Ya halicci shi iri ɗaya, ya kuma sanya kwandishan iska a gida na gida a ƙofar garin Charge, ɗan girman manyan wakoki, wanda ya yi wani abu a kan katako. Yana da ban dariya cewa gidan ƙofofin ƙofofin yana cikin Minnesota na Minnesota - Minneapolis - City a arewacin Amurka tare da mafi zafi sauqi. Na dogon lokaci, saboda babban farashi da manyan girma, kwandishan sun kasance ruwan fata ne na musamman. An shigar dasu a shagunan sashen, Cinemas, otal da kamar wuraren. A cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, har yanzu sun hadu da wuya.
Aikin Jirgin ruwa, 1928.
Cinema ta farko tare da tsarin kwandishan shine New York Rivoli, wanda mallakar sanannen paratount-pixer. A shekarar 1925, a kan gabatarwar da aka ɗauka, an sanye da shi da kayan aikin iska da kuma tallace-tallace da tikiti an warware sau da yawa. Gaskiyar ita ce cewa duk cinemas ba tare da banbancin matsaloli a lokacin zafi watanni. Masu sauraro ba su so su zauna a cikin kayan ado a cikin gida, saboda wanda har ma da mashahurin fina-finai suna cikin manyan dakunan wofi, da cinemas sun sha asara mai girma. Matsalolin sun bace tare da zuwan kwandishalin, kuma a fara Cine a bit, kamar yadda mutane suka fara zuwa can ba kawai kallon fina-finai ba, har ma suna zaune a cikin sanyi. Wannan ya canza lokacin firam na fina-finai da jadawalin fushinsu. Yawancin zane sun fara bayyana a kan allo a lokacin rani, yayin aikin haji a cikin sinima. Amfanin iska ya zama a bayyane yake cewa cikin shekaru biyar kawai ana shigar da tsarin tsarin kwandishiyar iska a cikin Cinemas fiye da 300 a cikin ƙasar. Air kananan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, shagunan, asibitoci, tsire-tsire, motocin jirgin ƙasa, da sauransu. Sun inganta yanayin da haɓaka yawan kayan aiki a cikin watannin bazara. Aikin iska sun sami damar tafiya tare da babban ta'aziyya kuma rayuwa cikin nutsuwa inda ba zai yiwu a zauna ba kafin.
Cinema Rivoli, 1925.
A cikin 1931, kwandon shara na farko ya bayyana. Komai ba zai zama komai ba, amma kawai ya kashe fiye da wasu a gida. More ko ƙasa da girma, waɗannan na'urori sun zama kawai a cikin 50s ƙarni na ƙarshe, kuma har zuwa wannan lokacin, da komai, ɗan adam ko ta yaya ba tare da su ba. Samuwar tsarin iska da aka samu juyin juya hali a kasuwar ƙasa ta ƙasa kuma ta canza alƙalami na kasar. The offlow of yawan jama'a daga Kudancin jihohin, wanda ya ci gaba da duka farkon farkon karni na 20, an maye gurbinsu da karuwar hadari. A gaskiya na florida, California, Texas, Georgia, New Mexico da sauran jihohin farko suka fara. Landasar a kusa da manyan biranen da suka fara adana a gida mai ƙarancin katako waɗanda aka sanye da wuraren da ke cikin yankin da suka sauya har abada. Mutane sun fara yin wani lokaci a gida, a ƙarshe gidan talabijin da aka daure su ga matasae. Huta a kan teku daga lokaci na farko ya juya zuwa mako guda, sannan kuma ya ragu duka zuwa kwanaki da yawa. Bukatar ta matsa zuwa bakin teku a cikin watanni masu zafi sun shuɗe, wanda ya haifar da raguwa da kuma rufe yawancin wuraren zaman Amurka, kamar tsibirin Kon da Atlantic City. A lokaci guda, motoci, jiragen sama, kwandishan da suka sanya su sami damar huta a cikin sabbin wurare, kamar Florida, Mexico ko Caribbean.
Masu mallakar Magajin FAN blog muji da sabon yorker
Ban tuna daidai da wane shekara ba - a cikin 1927 ko 1928 - zafi ya tsaya a Satumba kawai mahaukaci. Ba ta faɗi ba ko da bayan farkon shekarar makaranta - kawai mun dawo daga ɗakin mu a Rocaway Beach. Duk Windows a New York sun kasance nazar, kuma a kan tituna akwai yawancin sayayya wanda zai yiwu a sayi sukari mai launin kankara ko sukari mai launin toda. Da yara, mun yi tsalle a bayan waɗannan a hankali m mirgina, dawakai masu cutarwaje, da kuma biyu kankara; Ice gwaiwa kadan, amma yana wartsakewa da bakin.
Mutanen 110 na titin, a inda nake zaune, sun kasance masu wadata su kewaye matakala na goma, amma da zaran da dare ya faɗi da iyalai gaba ɗaya, mutane da yawa wanda yake a cikin balconies na baƙin ƙarfe.
Ko da dare, zafin bai fadi ba. Tare da wasu 'yan yara, na yi tafiya a kusa da 110st zuwa wurin shakatawa kuma na yi tafiya tsakanin ɗaruruwan mutane waɗanda suke sakin kofin shuru - wasu agogon suna yin nadama tare da wasu. Yara sun yi kuka a cikin duhu, maza sun yi magana da ƙananan muryoyin, da wani wuri kusa da tafkin, da aka ji abin da aka jima da na mace kwatsam. Zan iya tuna da fararen fata kawai suna kwance a ciyawa; Garlem sai ya fara da titin 116th.
tushe